The Realization of Gender Quotas in Post-collapse Iceland

Abstract

Gender quotas have become a way to increase women’s participation in leading positions in economic life. Iceland enacted corporate gender quotas in 2013, requiring a minimum of 40% of each gender. These quotas were legalized after the financial collapse in 2008, which many blamed on male dominance of the economy. The focus of this paper is the timeframe of the turn to quotas, and the media discourse and parliamentary debate regarding men and women in corporate management. Van Dijk’s theoretical framework of critical discourse analysis was employed to examine data from the period 2009–2015. Firstly, we studied 150 articles in three online newspapers: Morgunblaðið, Vísir, and Viðskiptablaðið, written between 2009 and 2015. Secondly, we examined 132 parliamentary documents in which gender quotas were proposed and debated in 2009 and 2010. Three themes were highlighted: gender difference and opportunities during critical times; women and capability; and changed discourse. In order to shed light on the struggle for women’s influence, we examine how the debate manifested the Wollstonecraft dilemma. The results show a tension between gender-neutral arguments versus arguments about women’s alleged special traits and qualifications. Arguments emphasizing the importance of women’s special capabilities for the well-being of society and companies’ profitability were at the heart of the quota legislation, and as such proved successful. However, the findings also demonstrate the risk that female candidates are viewed as a signal of change in times of crisis. Hence, we claim that arguments matter; although women-centred arguments have contributed to gender balance within the Icelandic economy, they may also create barriers for women because they support patriarchal relations. Furthermore, the results indicate that societal difficulties call for drastic changes, and it seems as though a tailwind is needed for women to receive opportunities within the economic sector to push gender equality forward.

Keywords:

• Economy
• Wollstonecraft dilemma
• gender quota
• patriarchal power relations
• glass cliff

Notes

1. Lög um breytingu á lögum um hlutafélög og lögum um einkahlutafélög nr. 13/2010; Lög um breytingu á lögum um skyldutryggingu lífeyrisréttinda og starfsemi lífeyrissjóða nr. 122/2011.

2. The Icelandic words used in the search strings were: kynjahlutfall (gender ratio), kynjakvóti/ar (gender quotas), kvenleg (feminine), jafnrétti (equality), stjórn/ir fyrirtækja (company boards), and fjölbreytileiki (diversity).

3. Our translation.

4. Our translation.

5. Our translation.