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The prevalence of childhood psychopathology in Turkey: a cross-sectional multicenter nationwide study (EPICPAT-T)

Eyup Sabri ErcanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey;

Guilherme PolanczykDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, BR;

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-3289

Ulku Akyol ArdıcChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Denizli State Hospital, Denizli, Turkey; Correspondence[email protected]

Deniz YuceDepartment of Preventive Oncology and Epidemiology, Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0725-5447

Gul KaracetınChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar OSMAN Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Nervous Disorders, Istanbul, Turkey;

Ali Evren TufanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Acıbadem University, Istanbul, Turkey;

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5207-6240

Umit TuralPsychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey;

Hatice AksuChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey;

Evrim AktepeChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey;

Ayşe Rodopman ArmanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Senem BaşgülChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Private Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey;

Oznur BılacChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Manisa Hospital for Mental Health and Nervous Disorders, Manisa, Turkey;

Murat CoşkunChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Gonca Gul CelıkChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey;

Sevcan Karakoc DemırkayaChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey;

Burak Onur DursunChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey;

İbrahim DurukanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Tülin FidanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey;

Neşe Perdahlı FişChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Salih GençoğlanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Private Clinic, Van, Turkey;

Cem GökçenChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey;

Işık GörkerChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey;

Vahdet GörmezChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Bezmi-alem University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Özlem Yıldız GündoğduChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;

Cihat Kaan GürkanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Sabri HergünerChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey;

Selma Tural HesapçıoğluChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey;

Hasan KandemirChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey;

Birim Günay KılıçChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Ayse KılınçaslanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Tuba MutluerChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Private Clinic, Van, Turkey;

Serhat NasiroğluChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey;

Özlem Özel ÖzcanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey;

Mücahit ÖztürkChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Private Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey;

Didem ÖztopChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey;

Sermin Yalın SapmazChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey;

Serkan SürenChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, 19 May University, Samsun, Turkey;

Nilfer ŞahinChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey;

Aysegul Yolga TahırogluChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey;

Fevziye TorosChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey;

Fatih ÜnalChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Pınar VuralChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey;

İpek Perçinel YazıcıChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey;

Kemal Utku YazıcıChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey;

Veli YıldırımChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey;

Yasemin YulafChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Private Clinic, Tekirdağ, Turkey;

Murat YüceChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, 19 May University, Samsun, Turkey;

Tuğba YükselChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Dıcle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey;

Devrim AkdemirChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Hatice AltunChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey;

Başak AyıkChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Usküdar University, İstanbul, Turkey;

Ayhan BilgicChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey;

Özlem Hekim BozkurtChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hematology and Oncology Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Emine Demirbaş ÇakırChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey;

Veysi ÇeriChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Nagehan Üçok DemirChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Gülser DinçChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hematology and Oncology Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Mustafa Yasin IrmakChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Dursun KaramanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Mehmet Fatih KınıkChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;

Betül MazlumChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Private Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey;

Nursu Çakın MemikChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;

Dilşad Foto ÖzdemirChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Hayati SınırChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey;

Bedia Ince TaşdelenChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey;

Beril TaşkınChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Private Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey;

Çağatay UğurChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hematology and Oncology Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Pınar UranChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Taciser UysalChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Isparta, Turkey;

Özden ÜneriChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hematology and Oncology Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Savas YilmazChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey;

Sultan Seval YılmazChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Burak AçıkelChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey;

Hüseyin AktaşChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Dıcle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey;

Rümeysa AlacaChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Dıcle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey;

Betül Gül AlıçChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Mahmut AlmaidanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Fatma Pınar ArıChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey;

Cihan AslanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Ender AtabayChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Merve Günay AyChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Hilal AydemirChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hematology and Oncology Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Gülseda AyrancıChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Zehra BabadagıChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, 19 May University, Samsun, Turkey;

Hasan BayarChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey;

Pelin Çon BayhanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey;

Özlem BayramChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey;

Neşe Dikmeer BektaşChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Kıvanç Kudret BerberoğluChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey;

Recep BostanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey;

Merve Arıcı CanlıChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Mehmet Akif CansızChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey;

Cansın CeylanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey;

Neşe CoşkunChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Private Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey;

Seyma CoşkunChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey;

Yasemin ÇakanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey;

İbrahim DemirChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hematology and Oncology Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Nuran DemirChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey;

Esen Yıldırım DemirdöğenChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey;

Büşra DoğanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Yunus Emre DönmezChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey;

Funda DönderChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;

Ayşegül EfeChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Şafak ErayChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey;

Seda ErbilginChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Semih ErdenChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Elif Gökçe ErsoyChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey;

Tuğba EseroğluChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Bakirkoy Prof. Dr. Mazhar OSMAN Training and Research Hospital for Mental Health and Nervous Disorders, Istanbul, Turkey;

Sümeyra Kına FıratChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Ezgi Eynallı GökChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey;

Gülen GülerChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey;

Zafer GülesChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey;

Serkan GüneşChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey;

Adem GüneşChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Gülay GünayChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Börte Gürbüz ÖzgürChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey;

Gökçen GüvenChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Şeyda Çelik GöksoyChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Havvana HorozcuChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Ayşe IrmakChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey;

Ümit IşıkChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey;

Özlem KahramanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey;

Bilge Merve KalaycıChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Umut KaraaslanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey;

Mehmet KaradağChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey;

Hilal Tuğba KılıcChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Fethiye KılıçaslanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey;

Duygu KınayChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Ömer KocaelChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey;

Esra Bulanık KoçChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Rahime Kadir MutluChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Zejnep Lushi-ŞanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey;

Kevser NalbantChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Nilüfer OkumusChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;

Fatih ÖzbekChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Fatma Akkuş ÖzdemirChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Hanife ÖzdemirChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey;

Selçuk ÖzkanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Esra Yıldırım ÖzyurtChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;

Berna PolatChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey;

Hatice PolatChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kayseri Education and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey;

Ebru SekmenChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hematology and Oncology Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Mehmet SertçelikChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Feyza Hatice SevgenChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey;

Oğuz SevinceChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey;

Funda SüleymanChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Ülker ShamkhalovaChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey;

Nurcan Eren ŞimşekChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;

Yaşar TanırChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey;

Mehmet TekdenChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Seyhan TemtekChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hematology and Oncology Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Melike TopalChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Zehra TopalChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey;

Tuğba TürkChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Private clinic, Istanbul, Turkey

Halit Necmi UçarChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey;

Filiz UçarChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, 19 May University, Samsun, Turkey;

Duygu UygunChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ankara Hematology and Oncology Child Health and Diseases Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey;

Necati UzunChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey;

Zeynep VatanseverChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;

Neslihan Gökçe YazgılıChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey;

Dilşat Miniksar YıldızChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey;

Nazike YıldızChild and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey;

show all

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of childhood psychopathologies in Turkey.

Method: A nation-wide, randomly selected, representative population of 5830 children (6–13 years-old) enrolled as a 2nd,3rd or 4th grade student in 30 cities were evaluated for presence of a psychiatric or mental disorder by a Sociodemographic Form, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and DSM-IV-Based Screening Scale for Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Children and Adolescents scales. Impairment criterion was assessed via a 3 point-Likert scale by the parent and the teacher independently.

Results: Overall prevalence of any psychopathology was 37.6% without impairment criterion, and 17.1% with impairment criterion. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by anxiety (19.5% and 16.7% without impairment, 12.4% and 5.3% with impairment, respectively). Lower education level and presence of a physical or psychiatric problem of the parents were independent predictors of any psychopathology of the offspring.

Conclusion: This is the largest and most comprehensive epidemiological study to determine the prevalence of psychopathologies in children and adolescents in Turkey. Our results partly higher than, and partly comparable to previous national and international studies. It also contributes to the literature by determining the independent predictors of psychopathologies in this age group.

Keywords:

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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The prevalence of childhood psychopathology in Turkey: a cross-sectional multicenter nationwide study (EPICPAT-T)

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The prevalence of childhood psychopathology in Turkey: a cross-sectional multicenter nationwide study (EPICPAT-T)

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