Evaluating the impact of ocular UV exposure for the development for pseudoexfoliation syndrome in a South Indian population

ABSTRACT

Clinical Relevance

Pathophysiology of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS) can be influenced by environmental factors such as solar exposure/occupational factors and genetic factors.

Background

The study aims to assess the association of lifetime ocular UV exposure and its impact on the risk of development of XFS.

Methods

All eligible subjects underwent a comprehensive ocular examination. XFS was defined as precipitates on the pupillary border, cornea, and angle of anterior chamber or lens in at least one eye without any clinical signs of glaucoma. A standardised questionnaire was administered to assess the lifetime UV exposure. Conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence (CUVAF) photography was taken to detect the conjunctival changes with exposure to UV radiation. Ascorbic acid concentration in the aqueous humour was measured.

Results

A total of 404 subjects of which 274 (controls) and 130 (XFS cases) were studied. There were 204 males (50.5%) and 200 females (49.5%).Lifetime UV exposure (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02–1.30, p: 0.032), CUVAF damage (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01–1.06, p: 0.008) and outdoor worker (OR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.18–3.00, p: 0.008) were positively associated with XFS. Usage of spectacles (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.39–0.95, p: 0.030) and ascorbic acid concentration in aqueous (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23–0.99, p: 0.038) were found to be protective against XFS.

Conclusion

Besides genetic factors, environmental factors such as lifetime ocular UV exposure and outdoor work are significantly associated with the risk of XFS. CUVAF can be used as a non-invasive tool to detect preclinical sun damage in outdoor workers.

KEYWORDS:

• Ascorbic acid concentration
• conjunctival autofluorescence photography
• lifetime ocular UV exposure
• outdoor work
• pseudoexfoliation

Acknowledgement

The Glaucoma Foundation, USA, funded this study.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The work was supported by The Glaucoma Foundation, USA  [Jan 2019]