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Notes
1. Portions of this article are adapted from Pinderhughes Citation2010.
2. The terms internal colonialism, domestic colonialism and semi-colonialism appear to be used interchangeably in literature since 1944 interpreting the experience of African Americans as “colonized.”
3. Voluntary migration does not assume movement from a situation of economic, political, or social injustice to one of economic, political, or social justice, even though the migration may be an attempt to improve one or all of these conditions.
4. Du Bois edited The Crisis for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1910–1934.
5. The political suppression of Du Bois and Robeson was part of the McCarthy Era attacks on leftists across the USA. While neither one was a member of the Communist Party at that time, their unflinching support for anti-colonial struggles and opposition to all forms of injustice earned them the wrath of Cold Warriors.
6. The Black Belt south is a region of the USA where the population of African descent has historically been much higher than their average (currently about 13 %) throughout the country. The Black Belt is a crescent-shaped area of mainly contiguous counties stretching from the eastern shore of Maryland down through Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, northern Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, western Tennessee, western Kentucky, southern Arkansas, through to eastern Texas. The Black populace of these counties ranges from 20% to over 50 % of the total county population. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Belt_(U.S._region).
7. See Haywood Citation1978: 326, 350, 548; Naison Citation1983: xvii, 3, 280.
8. I use the term “anti-colonial Marxism” to describe what some have labeled as “Third World Marxism” because of confusion surrounding the concept “Third World”. Anti-colonial Marxism encompasses the contributions of Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Frantz Fanon, Amilcar Cabral and other Marxists from developing countries who led post-World War II independence movements by most of the world's peoples against direct colonial domination.
9. Blauner has been treated as the originator of internal colonialism theory in sociology, but in my view Allen's Black Awakening, published the same year as Blauner's first article, was more important. It was, however, widely ignored (much like key works of W.E.B. Du Bois and Oliver Cox).
10. One of the earliest sociological writers on the internal colony concept, Pablo González Casanova Citation(1965), focused primarily on theory of both colonialism and internal colonialism, with some attention to internal colonialism in Mexico. Other authors noted by Blauner took up González Casanova's entreaty to make concrete assessments, mostly focusing on specific countries (Stavenhagen Citation1970: Mexico and Guatemala; Cotler Citation1970: Peru; Frank Citation1970: Chile and Brazil, Havens and Flinn Citation1970: Colombia).
11. In his Still the Big News (2001), Blauner did not directly repudiate his earlier analyses, but he did say, “I no longer use the idea of internal colonialism in these recent writings” (x).
12. As Steinberg points out, “It goes without saying that Blauner has a right to revise and update his thinking, but this doesn't mean that he didn't have it right the first time!” (165n148).
13. See Asgharzadeh Citation2007; Haque Citation2000; Mettam and Williams Citation1998; Pino-Robles Citationn.d.; Queen's News Centre Citation2005; Sivaram Citation2003; Smith and Ng Citation2002; Zureik Citation1979.
14. Although stating that he was writing from a Marxist perspective, Blauner did not include any class analysis of Black ghettos, treating all Blacks as a collective group of oppressed persons.
15. While viewing the ISI Web of Knowledge, I found some 360 citation sources for Racial Oppression in America, and another 129 for Blauner's Citation1969 article. In contrast, Robert Allen's Black Awakening drew a total of 52 citations, and Mario Barrera's Race and Class in the Southwest (1979) garnered some 186 citations in the same index.
16. The article was reprinted in no less than five anthologies in addition to a standalone pamphlet published by Bobbs-Merrill.
17. For a fuller exposition, see Pinderhughes Citation2010.