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Notes
1 Engels to Marx, April 13, 1866, Karl Marx-Frederick Engels Collected Works (hereafter cited as MECW), vol. 42 (New York: International Publishers, 1987), 266.
2 Marx to Engels, February 13, 1863, MECW, vol. 41 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985), 453.
3 Marx to Engels, November 4, 1864, MECW, vol. 42, 16.
4 Frederick Engels, “Karl Marx,” MECW, vol. 24 (New York: International, 1989), 190. Engels wrote the article in 1877 for the Volks-Kalendar, a publication of the Social-Democratic Workers Party.
5 Marx to Pavel Vasilyvich Annenkov, December 28, 1846, MECW, vol. 38 (Moscow: Progress, 1982), 99.
6 Simon Clarke, Marx's Theory of Crisis (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), 86.
7 Marx and Engels, “Review,” MECW, vol. 10 (Moscow: Progress, 1978), 490–95. This was the third review by Marx and Engels for the Neue Rheinische Zeitung: Politcisch-ökonimische Revue.
8 Jonathan Sperber, Revolutionary Europe, 1780–1850 (London & New York: Longman, 2000), 392.
9 Robert Justin Goldstein, Political Repression in 19th-Century Europe (London & Canberra: Croom Helm, 1983), 180.
10 Marx and Engels, “Review,” 491.
11 Ibid., 493–94.
12 Ibid., 495.
13 Ernest Mandel, The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx (New York & London: Monthly Review Press, 1971), 71–72.
14 Michael Joseph Roberto, “Crisis, Revolution, and the Meaning of Progress: The Poverty of Philosophy and Its Contemporary Relevance,” Cultural Logic: Marxist Theory and Practice, 2009, http://clogic.eserver.org/2009/Roberto.pdf
15 Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Capital, 1848–1875 (New York: Vintage Books, 1975), 69.
16 Edward De Maesschalck, Marx in Brussel, 1845–1848 (Leuven: Davidfonds, 2005), 31. I am grateful to Liesebeth Deporter for translating key passages from the Dutch edition of De Maesschalck's very informative account of Marx's experience in Brussels.
17 Marx to Annenkov, 97.
18 Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy: Answer to the Philosophy of Poverty by M. Proudhon, MECW, vol. 6 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976), 177–78.
19 Marx, “Inaugural Address of the Working Men's International Association,” MECW, vol. 20 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985), 5.
20 Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. I, trans. Ben Fowkes (London: Penguin, 1990), 802–18.
21 Marx, “Inaugural Address,” 7.
22 Ibid., 9–10.
23 Marx, Capital, I, 769.
24 Marx, “On the Cotton Crisis,” MECW, vol. 19 (Moscow, Progress Publishers, 1984), 161.
25 John Belcham, Industrialization and the Working Class: The English Experience, 1750–1900 (Portland, OR: Areopagitica Press, 1990), 157–58.
26 Marx, Capital, I, 798.
27 Ibid., 799.
28 Marx, “Inaugural Address,” 10.
29 Ibid., 11.
30 Ibid. See also MECW, 42, 54–55, note on Rochdale Pioneers.
31 Marx credits Robert Owen with sowing “the seeds of the cooperative movement” in England. He was also aware of the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers, one of the earliest and most successful of England's cooperatives, formed in 1844 in Manchester by weavers from a cotton thread factory. As we shall see, Marx eventually pushed the International to recognize the superiority of producer over consumer cooperatives. But the inclusiveness of the Rochdale cooperative, whose members were communists, chartists, trade union leaders, and others, demonstrated what Marx meant by workers joining together to avoid “the class of masters” over them. For more details on the particulars of the Rochdale Pioneers, see the old but still valuable study by Sydney R. Elliot, The English Cooperatives (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1937), and the brief but recent discussion of the cooperative by Jesús Cruz Reyes and Camilia Piñeiro Harnecker, “An Introduction to Cooperatives,” in Cooperatives and Socialism: A View from Cuba (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 31–33.
32 Marx to Joseph Weydemeyer, November 29, 1864, MECW, 42, 44.
33 Marx, “Value, Price and Profit,” MECW, 20, 149.
34 Henry Collins and Chimen Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour Movement: Years of the First International (London: Macmillan, 1965), 50.
35 Marx, “Inaugural Address,” 11–12.
36 Marx to Ferdinand Freiligrath, February 29, 1860, MECW, 41, 87.
37 Charles Sabel and Jonathan Zeitlin, “Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics and Technology in Nineteenth-Century Industrialization,” Past and Present, 108 (August, 1985), 143; Steven K. Vincent, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the Rise of French Republican Socialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 160–61.
38 Robert L. Hoffman, Revolutionary Justice: The Social and Political Theory of P.-J. Proudhon (Urbana, Chicago, IL and London: University of Illinois Press, 1972), 343–44.
39 Marx to Annenkov, 97.
40 Marx, “Instructions for the Delegates of the Provisional General Council. The Different Questions,” MECW, vol. 20, 190; see also The General Council of the First International 1864–1866: The London Conference, Minutes (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House), 346–47. Since Marx was ever mindful of the necessity for cooperative production to expand on a national level, the Instructions also recommended that the income generated by each cooperative be put into a fund for the propagation of new enterprises. See the entire document in the documents section of this issue.
41 Julius Braunthal, History of the International, Volume 1: 1864–1914, trans. Henry Collins and Kenneth Mitchell (New York & Washington: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967), 128–31; G.M. Stekloff, History of the First International (New York: International Publishers, 1928), 99–132.
42 Marx, “Inaugural Address,” 12.
43 Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, 211.
44 Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, MECW, vol. 6, 504.
45 Marx and Engels, “Resolutions of the General Congress Held at The Hague,” MECW, vol. 23 (New York: International Publishers, 1988), 243.
46 August Nimtz, Jr., Marx and Engels: Their Contribution to the Democratic Breakthrough (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 2000), 234–35.
47 Marx and Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, 497.
48 Marx to Engels, MECE, vol. 42, 18.
49 Stekloff, History of the First International, 77.
50 Marx, “Inaugural Address,” 13.
51 István Mészáros, “Reflections on the New International,” Monthly Review, vol. 65, no. 9 (February, 2014), 47.
52 Peter Ranis, “Worker Cooperatives: Creating Participatory Socialism in Capitalism and State Socialism,” Democracy at Work, October 1, 2012, http://www.democracyatwork.info/articles/2012/10/worker-cooperatives-creating-participatory-socialism-in-capitalism-and-state-socialism/
53 Marx, “Instructions for the Delegates of the Provisional General Council,” 187.
54 Samuel Bernstein, The First International in America (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1965), 24, 93–98.
55 W.E.B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn: An Essay Toward an Autobiography of a Race Concept, in Du Bois: Writings, ed. Nathan Huggins (New York: Library of America, 1986), 788–89.