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Notes
1 Icaza and Vázquez also use the analogy of waves of protest to describe the post Chiapas and Seattle protests, indicating that these struggles “are examples of events that break with the chronology of modernity” (Citation2013: 684). For more on the historical development of anti-systemic struggles see, e.g. Amin et al. (Citation1990); Amin (Citation2008); Arrighi et al. (Citation1989); Boswell and Chase-Dunn (Citation2000); Chase-Dunn and Niemeyer (Citation2009); Manning (Citation2017); Wallerstein (Citation2014).
2 The organization of sequential and geographically dispersed forums helped support anti-systemic socialization in ways that earlier mobilizations could not. In addition, the political moment of world-systemic crisis also amplifies possibilities for this kind of widespread socialization (Wallerstein Citation2004)
3 The global spread of municipal participatory budgeting can be linked to the WSF’s early meetings in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
4 Thus, indigenous peoples and feminist activists formed their own caucuses or dialogue spaces in the WSFs to build unity and to strategize about how to bring their analyses and struggles into WSF spaces (Conway Citation2012; Desai Citation2007; Karides and Poniah Citation2008; Vargas 2005).
5 As in other instances (such as the WSF), US activists have been late to joining the right to the city movement, when Washington DC became the first US human rights city in 2008.
7 This organization is now called the “People's Movement for Human Rights Learning,” although it uses its original acronym.
8 There appears to be a connection with the “Northern” rights movements identified by Chueca, as this Charter is linked to the World Urban Forum (a platform organized within UN Habitat), which met in Barcelona in September of 2004 to adopt the Charter. This Charter was developed for UN Habitat III, held in Quito Ecuador in October 2016.
9 http://righttothecity.org/about/mission-history/ (See also Pastor et al. Citation2009; Gotham and Greenberg Citation2014).
11 These discussions, moreover, resonated with others I encountered in my research on the WSF process.
12 Other scholars, such as Petchesky (Citation2003), Rodríguez-Garavito (Citation2014), Desai (Citation2015), and Sikkink (Citation2017) among others, have made similar observations.
13 When I moved to Pittsburgh in 2011, the city had already passed a Proclamation naming Pittsburgh the fifth human rights city in the United States. Significantly, that initiative was led by youth who were part of the American Friends Service Committee, one of the key US organizations participating in the WSF and USSF process and supporting participation of grassroots and people of color activists.
14 See the UPR Cities Project: http://wiki.humanrightscities.mayfirst.org/index.php?title=UPR_Cities_Project
17 Edelman (Citation2011) traces the history of the campaign, situating the early conversations in 2000 at Via Campesina’s organizational convenings. The initial draft of the declaration was produced at the 2002 conference in Jakarta.
18 Illustrating how the group plans to use the Declaration to advance its larger goals, Via Campesina’s website states: “As peasants all over the world, we are going to mobilize and we will join hands in our respective countries to lobby for the establishment of policies and strategies that contribute towards recognition, enforcement and accountability. Violations of our rights through land grabbing, forced evictions, gender discrimination, lack of social protection, failing rural development policies and criminalization can now, with the formal international recognition of this Declaration, be addressed with increased legal and political weight” (Citation2018). "Finally, Un General Assembly Adopts Peasant Rights Declaration! Now Focus Is on Its Implementation."
20 The first International Decade of People of African Descent was 1995–2004, followed by the second in 2005–2014 (https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IPeoples/Pages/InternationalDecade.aspx).
21 https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IPeoples/Pages/Declaration.aspx. For the complete timeline of indigenous work in the League of Nations and United Nations see: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/about-us.html
22 People of African descent have sought to follow the leadership of indigenous groups, and have established the International Decade of People of African Descent (2015–2024).
23 These authors stress the Eurocentric biases of academia, and their coupling of the 1994 Chiapas rebellion with the Battle in Seattle demonstrates how the view from the global South alters understandings of politically important moments. Indeed, activists in Seattle were clear that their protests drew upon the analyses and claims arising from Chiapas.
24 These observations parallel those of Carroll (Citation2016: 142), whose investigation of Transnational Alternative Policy Groups revealed a “repertoire of alternative knowledge production and mobilization” that included; challenging hegemonic knowledge, engaging with dominant institutions, supporting grassroots participation and capacity building, building solidarity thru dialogical knowledge production and mobilization, integrating theory and practice, creating spaces for reflection and invention, systematizing and disseminating alternative knowledge, and prefiguring alternative futures from present practices.