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Notes
1 See Wilhelm Chaloner and Wilhelm Otto Henderson, Engels as Military Critic (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959); Martin Kitchen, “Friedrich Engels’ Theory of War,” Military Affairs 41 (1977), 119–124; Walter Gallie, Philosophers of Peace and War: Kant, Clausewitz, Marx, Engels and Tolstoy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Bernard Semmel, Marxism and the Science of War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981); Panajotis Kondylis, Theorie des Krieges. Clausewitz-Marx-Engels-Lenin (Stuttgart: Verlag Klett-Cotta, 1988).
2 See Martin Berger, “Engels’ Theory of the Vanishing Army: A Key to the Development of Marxist Revolutionary Tactics,” The Historian 37 (1975), 421–435; Martin Berger, Engels, Armies and Revolution (Hamden: Archon Books, 1977). Michael Boden, “First Red Clausewitz”: Friedrich Engels and Early Socialist Military Theory (Pickle Partners Publishing: 2014).
3 Berger, “Engels’ Theory of the Vanishing Army,” 423.
4 Wilhelm Liebknecht, “Reminiscences on Engels” in W.A. Pelz, ed., Wilhelm Liebknecht and German Social Democracy (Westport: Haymarket Books, 1994), 202–204.
5 F. Engels, “25th June” in Marx and Engels Collected Works (henceforth MECW) (London: Lawrence and Wishart) Vol. 7, 139–140.
6 Engels, “25th June,” 141.
7 Boden, First Red Clausewitz, 31–32.
8 Engels, “25th June,” 145, 147.
9 F. Engels, “The Prussian Constituent Assembly,” MECW Vol. 11, 68.
10 According to Martin Berger, the insurgents’ defeats were a turning point in Engels's military thought. Thinking about why the revolution failed, he concluded that warfare was conducted on an insufficient scale. Only a great war fought on several fronts could trigger a revolutionary success. Engels was confirmed in his belief observing the poor effects of limited wars, for instance the Crimean War. Berger, Engels, Armies and Revolution, 101–102.
11 Boden, First Red Clausewitz, 59–60
12 F. Engels, “Letter to Jenny Marx from 25th July,” MECW Vol. 38, 202–204.
13 Berger, “Engels’ Theory of the Vanishing Army” (note 2), 424.
14 Gallie, Philosophers of Peace and War, 75.
15 Ibid., 75–76.
16 Kitchen, “Friedrich Engels’ Theory of War,” 119.
17 Michał Sokolski, “Engels i Tołstoj: Podmiotowość w epoce wojny totalnej,” Nowa Krytyka 32 (2014): 163–184.
18 F. Engels, “The Peasant War in Germany,” MECW Vol. 10, 444.
19 Sokolski, “Engels and Tolstoy,” 167.
20 F. Engels, “Conditions and Prospects of War of Holy Alliance against France,” MECW Vol. 10, 549.
21 Sokolski, “Engels and Tolstoy,” 167.
22 F. Engels, “Anti-Dühring” MECW Vol. 25, 152–153.
23 Ibid., 154–159.
24 Ibid., 159.
25 Ibid., 170–171.
26 Azar Gat, “Clausewitz and the Marxists: Yet Another Look,” Journal of Contemporary History 27 (1992)
27 F. Engels, “Letter to Joseph Weydemeyer from 19th June,” MECW Vol. 38, 372.
28 Gat, “Clausewitz and the Marxists,” 366.
29 Kitchen, “Friedrich Engels’ Theory of War,” 119.
30 Ibid.
31 As a young author he was very critical of some oppressed nations, e.g. the Irish about whom in 1840 he wrote that they were “wild, headstrong and fanatical” and that several thousands of British soldiers would suffice to keep them under the heel. Boden, First Red Clausewitz, 87.
32 F. Engels, “The War in Asia,” MECW Vol. 14, 90.
33 Kitchen, “Friedrich Engels’ Theory of War,” 120.
34 Engels, “The War in Asia,” 90.
35 Engels, “The War in Asia,” 89.
36 F. Engels, “The Crimean Campaign,” MECW Vol. 13, 510–511.
37 Kitchen, “Friedrich Engels’ Theory of War,” 120.
38 F. Engels, “Garibaldi Movements,” MECW Vol. 17, 449.
39 K. Marx, “Criticism of the French Conduct of the War,” MECW Vol. 14, 90–93.
40 Charles Bassford, “Clausewitz and Jomini. Their Interaction,” last modifed February 26, 1993. https://www.clausewitz.com/readings/Bassford/Jomini/JOMINIX.htm .
41 Ibid.
42 F. Engels “Notes on the War in Germany,” MECW Vol. 20, 176.
43 Gat, Clausewitz and the Marxists: Yet Another Look, 368.
44 Engels, Notes on the War in Germany, 179.
45 Ibid., 181–182.
46 Ibid., 164–168.
47 F. Engels, “The Campaign in the Crimea,” MECW Vol. 13, 510–511.
48 F. Engels, “The European War,” MECW, Vol. 19, 553–558.
49 Ibid., 609–611.
50 Kitchen, “Friedrich Engels’ Theory of War,” 120.
51 F. Engels, “Letter to Marx from 7th May,” MECW Vol. 39, 104.
52 See Aaron Perlmutter, “Carl von Clausewitz, Enlightenment Philosopher: A Comparative Analysis,” Journal of Strategic Studies 11 (1988), 7–19; Azar Gat. “Clausewitz's Political and Ethical World View,” Political Studies 37 (1989), 97–106; Ian Roxborough, “Clausewitz and the Sociology of War,” The British Journal of Sociology 45 (1994), 619-636.
53 See Andreas Herberg-Rothe, “Clausewitz’s “Wondrous Trinity” as a Coordinate System of War and Violent Conflict,” International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV) 3 (2009), 204–219.
54 For instance, similarities between Clausewitz’s and Engels’s opinions concerning some tactical solutions applied in guerrilla war have been pointed out. See Werner Hahlweg, “Clausewitz and Guerilla Warfare,” Journal of Strategic Studies 9 (1986), 127–133.
55 F. Engels, “Introduction to Sigismund Borkheim's Pamphlet, ‘In Memory of the German Blood-and-Thunder Patriots. 1806–1807,’” MECW Vol. 26, 450.
56 See Youri Cormier, “Fighting Doctrines and Revolutionary Ethics,” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 15 (2013), 1–25.
57 Similarly to Engels, Clausewitz was also aware of the material, including the economic, aspect of conducting wars. He wrote about it comparing war to business activity. See Clausewitz, On War, 70, 269. This comparison met with Marx's approval: “Combat is to war what cash payment is to commerce.” See K. Marx, “Letter to Engels from 10th November,” MECW Vol. 39, 241.
58 Boden, First Red Clausewitz, 35.
59 Ibid., 42, 51, 113–114.
60 Ibid., 23–24.
61 F. Engels, “Engels to Marx 26th September,” MECW Vol. 38, 469–470.
62 Berger, Engels’ Theory of the Vanishing Army, 425.
63 F. Engels, “Artillery news from America,” MECW Vol. 19, 289.
64 Boden, First Red Clausewitz, 61–62.
65 K.Marx and F. Engels, “The American Civil War,” MECW Vol. 19, 187–188.
66 F. Engels, “The Situation in the American Theatre of War,” MECW Vol. 19, 204–206.
67 See August, H. Nimitz, “Marx and Engels on the US Civil War: The 'Materialist Conception of History' in Action,” Historical Materialism 19 (2011), 169–192.
68 The scale of the conflict resembled to the greatest extent what was to happen during a future world war.
69 The Landwehr was an auxiliary army involving people from all social classes. Its revolutionary potential was already recognized by Clausewitz See C. von Clausewitz, “On the Political Advantages and Disadvantages of the Prussian Landwehr,” in Carl von Clausewitz. Historical and Political Writings, eds. Peter Paret and Daniel Moran (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 331–332.
70 F. Engels, “Fighting in France,” MECW Vol. 22, 166–167.
71 F. Engels, “How to Fight the Prussians,” MECW Vol. 22, 104–107.
72 F. Engels, “Socialism in Germany,” https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1892/01/socialism-germany.htm
73 Berger, Engels, Armies and Revolution, 169.
74 Gilbert Achcar, “Engels: Theorist of War, Theorist of Revolution,” International Socialism Journal 97 (2002), http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj97/achcar.htm#47%20.
75 See Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2003), 302–306.
76 Engels, Introduction to Sigismund Borkheim's Pamphlet, 451.
77 F. Engels, Letter to F.A. Sorge, MECW, Vol. 48, 138.
78 Engels, Anti-Dühring, 241.
79 Berger, “Engels’ Theory of the Vanishing Army,” 429.
80 F. Engels, “Letter to Friedrich Adolph Sorge,” https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894/letters/94_11_10.htm .
81 Kitchen, “Friedrich Engels’ Theory of War,” 122.
82 Berger, “Engels’ Theory of the Vanishing Army,” 430–431
83 Ibid., 435.
84 Ibid., 434–435.
85 Paul Blackledge, Friedrich Engels and Modern Social and Political Theory (New York: Suny Press), 119.