https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1077-7772
Abstract
Background
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) 2 plays an important role in the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, growth, and apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of serum IGFBP2 as a biomarker for disease activity and severity in hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) induced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC).
Methods
IGFBP2 production by human renal glomerular endothelial cells (RGECs) after exposure to Shiga toxin 2 (Stx-2) was investigated in vitro. Serum IGFBP2 levels in blood samples obtained from 22 patients with HUS and 10 healthy controls (HCs) were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were compared to the clinical features of HUS and serum tau and cytokine levels.
Results
Stx-2 induced the production of IGFBP2 in RGECs in a dose-dependent manner. Serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly higher in patients with HUS than in HCs and correlated with disease severity. Additionally, serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly higher in patients with encephalopathy than in those without encephalopathy. A serum IGFBP2 level above 3585 pg/mL was associated with a high risk of encephalopathy. Furthermore, serum IGFBP2 levels significantly correlated with serum levels of tau and inflammatory cytokines associated with the development of HUS.
Conclusions
Correlation of serum IGFBP2 level with disease activity in patients with HUS suggests that IGFBP2 may be considered as a possible indicator for disease activity and severity in HUS. Larger studies and additional experiments using various cells in central nervous system should elucidate the true value of IGFBP2 as a clinical diagnostic marker.
Abbreviations
IGFBP: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein; HUS: hemolytic uremic syndrome; EHEC: enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli; RGECs: renal glomerular endothelial cells; STx-2: Shiga toxin 2; HCs: healthy controls; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; sTNFR: soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor.
Introduction
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a life-threating complication of infection with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection that produces Shiga toxin (Stx) is clinically characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury [Citation1,Citation2]. Neurologic complications including acute encephalopathy, which are observed in approximately 20% of patients with HUS, are associated with high morbidity and mortality [Citation3,Citation4].
Previous studies have demonstrated that laboratory markers including white blood cell count and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, sodium, and total protein are useful for predicting disease severity in patients with HUS [Citation5,Citation6]. Furthermore, recent studies have reported that serum cytokine levels predict the severity of HUS [Citation7–10]. In a previous study, we have identified that five serum biomarkers, including insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein (IGFBP) 2, could predict disease severity in patients with HUS [Citation10].
IGFBP2, which belongs to the IGFBP family, binds to IGFs with high affinity. IGFBP2 regulates the activity of IGFs [Citation11]; in addition, it has IGF-independent roles in metabolism [Citation11]. Previous studies reported that serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly elevated in patients with malignancies [Citation12], rheumatic diseases [Citation13–15], and kidney diseases [Citation16] and that serum IGFBP2 levels were closely related with disease severity. However, the role of serum IGFBP2 in the pathogenesis of HUS and its causal relationship with disease activity are not clear.
In the present study, we measured serum IGFBP2 levels in patients with HUS and assessed the correlation of serum IGFBP2 levels with measures of disease activity and severity, with the aim to elucidate its clinical relevance in these patients.
Materials and methods
Patients and samples
Serum samples were collected from 22 patients with HUS at the time of HUS diagnosis and 10 healthy controls (HCs). EHEC infection was diagnosed with microbiological identification. HUS diagnosis was based on the presence of thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/mm3), hemolytic anemia with schistocytes, and acute kidney injury (increased creatinine level ≥50% above the age-related baseline) [Citation17]. Acute encephalopathy was defined as the presence of neurological symptoms accompanied with pathological findings on magnetic resonance imaging. In the present study, the patients were classified into three groups; mild group (n = 7), who were not treated with dialysis, severe group (n = 5), who presented anuria requiring treatment with dialysis, and encephalopathy group (n = 10). The clinical characteristics of patients with HUS included in the study are shown in .
Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients with EHEC-induced HUS.
The patient samples in six HUS patients were obtained both during hemorrhagic colitis, i.e., the pre-HUS phase, and at the time of HUS diagnosis. Serum was separated from blood samples, divided into aliquots, and stored at −80 °C until further processing.
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Kanazawa University (approval number: 1051), and all specimens were used after receiving informed patient consent from the patients and/or their legal guardians.
Cell culture
Human renal glomerular endothelial cells (RGECs) were cultured in endothelial cell media (ScienCell Research Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA) at 37 °C with 5% CO2. Briefly, 96-well plates were precoated with 7.5 μg/mL fibronectin (ScienCell Research Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA) for two hours at room temperature and washed once with phosphate-buffered saline without calcium and magnesium. Next, RGECs were seeded into 96-well plates at a density of 4 × 104 cells/well. After 24 h of incubation, the cells were treated with 30 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or Shiga toxin 2 (Stx-2) (0.1, 1.0, or 10 ng/mL) (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) for 48 h. Subsequently, culture supernatants were collected, and stored at −80 °C until further processing.
Quantification of IGFBP2, tau, and cytokine levels in sera and culture supernatants
Concentrations of IGFBP2, tau, neopterin, IL-6, sTNFR-I, and sTNFR-II levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IGFBP2, RayBiotech, Norcross, GA; tau, Invitrogen, Camarillo, CA; neopterin, IBL, Hamburg, Germany; IL-6, sTNFR-I, and sTNFR-II, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Serum IGFBP2, neopterin, IL-6, sTNFR-I, and sTNFR-II levels were measured in all 22 patients. Serum tau levels were determined in 21 patients, because serum sample from one patient in mild group was not insufficient for the measurement.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 7 software (GraphPad, San Diego, CA). Multiple group comparisons of IGFBP2 levels in sera and culture supernatants were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison test. Within-group comparisons were performed using paired Student’s t-test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to determine the cutoff level, sensitivity and specificity. Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. A p value of <.05 indicated a statistically significant difference in all analyses.
Results
Stx-2 and LPS induce IGFBP2 production in RGECs
As shown in , Stx-2 induced the production of IGFBP2 in RGECs in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, LPS also induced the production of IGFBP2 in RGECs. However, there was no synergistic effect of Stx-2 on LPS-mediated IGFBP2 production.
Figure 1. IGFBP2 production is induced by Stx-2 and LPS in RGECs. Data presented as mean (±standard error of the mean) of four experiments. Stx-2 dose-dependently induced the production of IGFBP2 in RGECs. LPS also induced the production of IGFBP2 in RGECs. Of note, there is no synergistic effect of STx2 on LPS-induced IGFBP2 production. *p<.05, **p<.01, and ***p<.001. LPS: lipopolysaccharide; RGEC: renal glomerular endothelial cell; Stx-2: Shiga toxin 2.
Increased serum IGFBP2 levels in patients with EHEC-HUS
As shown in , during the HUS phase, the median (range) serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly higher in patients with encephalopathy (4899 [1977–11,926] pg/mL) (p<.0001) and in those with severe HUS (2564 [2061–4180] pg/mL) (p<.05) compared with the HCs (649 [320–1840] pg/mL), whereas there was no significant difference in the serum IGFBP2 levels between the patients with mild HUS (2224 [802–3212] pg/mL) and HCs. Among the patients with HUS, serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly higher in those with encephalopathy than in those with mild HUS (p<.05). In contrast, there was no significant difference between the patients with severe HUS and those with mild HUS or between the patients with severe HUS and those with encephalopathy.
Figure 2. Serum IGFBP2 levels in patients with HUS. Bars represent median values. *p<.05 and ****p<.0001. HCs: healthy controls; IGFBP2: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2.
Serum IGFBP2 levels as a biomarker for disease activity in HUS patients with encephalopathy
Serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly higher in patients with encephalopathy than in those without encephalopathy, which included those with severe and mild group (median, 2395 pg/mL; range, 802–4180 pg/mL) (p<.05). The ROC curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve and the optimal serum IGFBP2 cutoff level were 0.7917 and 3585 pg/mL for association with encephalopathy had a sensitivity of 91.7% and a specificity of 70%. Based on this serum IGFBP2 cutoff level, the odds ratio for HUS-related encephalopathy was 25.7 (95% confidence interval, 2.4–307.3), and the likelihood ratio was 3.056.
Serum IGFBP2 levels were measured during the pre-HUS phase in six patients with HUS, including two patients with mild group and four patients with encephalopathy group. As shown in , the serum IGFBP2 levels in patients with encephalopathy showed a significant and sharp increase with the progression of HUS (p<.05) whereas there was no increase in serum IGFBP2 levels with the progression of disease in patients with mild HUS.
Figure 3. Changes in serum IGFBP2 levels in patients with HUS. Changes in serum IGFBP2 levels from the hemorrhagic colitis phase to the time of HUS diagnosis are shown. Serum IGFBP2 levels in encephalopathy group showed a significant and sharp increase with the progression of HUS, whereas no increase in serum IGFBP2 levels was observed in mild group. *p<.05.
Correlation of serum IGFBP2 level with tau and proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with HUS
As previously reported, serum levels of tau and proinflammatory cytokines, including neopterin, IL-6, sTNFR-I, and sTNFR-II, are indicators of disease activity in HUS. Therefore, we assessed the correlation of serum IGFBP2 levels with the serum levels of these cytokines. As shown in , serum IGFBP2 levels positively correlated with tau (p< .05), neopterin (p< .05), IL-6 (p< .001), sTNFR-I (p< .01), and sTNFR-II (p< .01).
Figure 4. Correlations between serum IGFBP levels and serum tau and cytokine levels in patients with EHEC-HUS. (A) Tau (n = 21), (B) neopterin (n = 22), (C) interleukin 6 (IL-6; n = 22), (D) soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) I (n = 22), and (E) sTNFR-II (n = 22).
Discussion
IGFBP2, a member of the IGFBP family proteins, plays an important role in regulating cell adhesion, migration, growth, and apoptosis through IGF-dependent and IGF-independent mechanisms [Citation11]. Previous reports have demonstrated that serum IGFBP2, the 2nd most abundant IGFBP in serum [Citation12], is a useful biomarker for assessing disease activity in various clinical conditions [Citation12–16]. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that serum IGFBP2 levels in patients with HUS were markedly elevated during the active phase and that serum IGFBP2 level correlated with several measures of disease severity. Furthermore, serum IGFBP2 level was useful in predicting the development of encephalopathy. These findings suggest that IGFBP2 may have an important role in the pathogenesis of HUS and encephalopathy in particular. Furthermore, these results implicate serum IGFBP2 level as a potential marker of disease activity in patients with HUS and acute encephalopathy.
Previous studies reported that serum IGFBP2 levels were elevated in patients with kidney diseases including lupus nephritis [Citation14,Citation15] and diabetic nephropathy [Citation16]. Furthermore, the glomerular IGFBP2 expression was shown to be increased in animal models of anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis [Citation18] and MRL/lpr lupus [Citation19]. In the present study, the serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly elevated in patients with severe HUS compared with the HCs. Furthermore, Stx-2 and LPS induced IGFBP2 production in RGECs. These findings suggest that an increase in serum IGFBP2 levels in HUS might be due in part to kidney injury. Larger studies including the assessment of IGFBP2 localization and expression in kidney should provide more definitive evidence for the value of IGFBP2 as a clinical diagnostic marker for various kidney diseases.
In brain, IGFBP2 is expressed in olfactory bulbs, cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and amygdala [Citation11]. IGFBP2 is also expressed in thalamus, which is frequently involved in EHEC-HUS [Citation11,Citation20]. IGFBP2 mRNA is also detected in neurons and astrocytes as well as in meninges and blood vessels [Citation11]. Intravenous injection of E. coli endotoxin in healthy humans elicits an increase in plasma IGFBP2 levels over several hours [Citation21,Citation22], whereas Igfbp2 mRNA shows a dramatic increase 24–48 h after the injection of ciliary neurotrophic factor or IL-1β in an animal central nervous system injury model [Citation23]. In the present study, serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly higher in patients with encephalopathy than in those without encephalopathy. Furthermore, serum IGFBP2 level was closely related to serum tau levels. Tau, a microtubule-associated protein localized in neurons and oligodendrocytes, is necessary for cytoskeletal structure and axonal transport. We previously reported that serum tau level was useful for in predicting and assessing disease activity in patients with EHEC encephalopathy [Citation24]. These findings indicate that serum IGFBP2 levels might reflect disease activity in patients with encephalopathy associated with HUS. Specifically, our analyses suggest that patients with serum IGFBP2 levels above 3585 pg/mL were at the high risk for encephalopathy.
In the present study, we also found that serum IGFBP2 level showed a positive correlation with serum cytokine levels. Previous reports showed that tumor necrosis factor α, IL-6, interferon γ, and IL-1β could enhance the expression of IGFBP2 in astrocytes and microglia [Citation25,Citation26]. Although its role in the pathogenesis of HUS remains unknown, IGFBP2 may protect cells from cytokine release. In an animal model of brain injury, Igfbp2 mRNA expression is markedly increased around the site of injury [Citation27]. IGFBP2 protects cells from apoptosis in cooperation with the B-cell lymphoma 2 family of proteins [Citation28]. Altogether, these various lines of evidence suggest that IGFBP2 might promote neuronal survival by preventing apoptosis.
A major limitation of this study was the small number of patients with HUS. Additionally, we did not investigate IGFBP2 production after the exposure of astrocytes and microglia to Stx-2. Larger studies and additional experiments using various cells in central nervous system should elucidate the true value of IGFBP2 as a clinical diagnostic marker.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the present study results suggest that IGFBP2 plays an important role in the complex pathogenesis of HUS. Serum IGFBP2 levels may be considered as a possible indicator for disease severity in HUS.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Ms. Harumi Matsukawa for technical assistance.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
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