A Complex Tool for a Complex Problem: Political Ecology in the Service of Ecosystem Recovery

Abstract

Salmon recovery has been described as a “wicked” problem in that it is so complex it is seemingly impossible to solve. Through a detailed case study, this article models how the field of political ecology can provide rich insight into such problems, and can help managers navigate the complex human dimensions of their work. Protracted disputes over salmon habitat restoration have earned the Skagit Valley of Washington State a reputation for being mired in intractable conflict. Goals of recovering salmon and protecting farmland are seemingly pitted against each other in competition for the same land. Using ethnographic methods and a political ecology framework, I argue that social hierarchies and mistrusts, conflicting senses of place, prevailing cultural narratives, and legal and institutional constraints contribute to the dispute over habitat restoration. Closer attention to sociocultural factors such as these may help managers identify and implement locally supported recovery opportunities, facilitate cooperation among stakeholders, improve agency approaches, and reframe management agendas to better address collective needs. I conclude that ecosystem recovery requires not only the renewal of ecological health, but also the renewal of social trust and cooperation, new cultural narratives, and a richer language that can capture its complex social realities.

Keywords:

• cultural narratives
• environmental conflict
• farmland preservation
• salmon habitat restoration
• senses of place

Notes

U.S. v. Washington, 384 Federal Supplement 312 [U.S. District Court, Western District of Washington, 1974], typically referred to by the name of the presiding federal district court judge, George Boldt.

Friends of Skagit County et al. v. Skagit County, WWGMHB, No. 96-2-0025, Compliance Hearing Order; Skagit Audubon Society et al. v. Skagit County, WWGMHB, No. 00-2-0033c, Final Decision and Order (August 9, 2000); and Swinomish Indian Tribal Community et al. v. Skagit County, WWGMHB, No. 02-2-0012c, Compliance Order (December 8, 2003).

Swinomish Indian Tribal Community et al. v. WWGMHB, Supreme Court of the State of Washington, No. 76339-9, Opinion Information Sheet (September 13, 2007).