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Abstract
Background
Although anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery is known to cause joint contracture, the mechanisms of this process are unknown. We aimed to assess the effects of transection of this ligament and each phase of reconstruction surgery on contracture formation.
Materials and methods
Rats were divided into groups according to treatment received: sham (arthrotomy), ligament transection, ligament transection plus bone drilling, and ligament reconstruction. Surgery was performed on the right knee. Untreated left knees in the sham group were used as controls.
Results
At 7 and 28 d post-surgery, range of motion before myotomy, mainly representing myogenic contracture, was restricted in the sham and ligament transection groups, and more so in the bone drilling and reconstruction groups. Restricted range of motion after myotomy, representing arthrogenic contracture, was detected at both timepoints in the bone drilling and reconstruction groups, but not in the sham or ligament transection groups. At 3 d post-surgery, although a large blood clot was observed in all three treatment groups, only the bone drilling and reconstruction groups showed significant joint swelling. At 7 d post-surgery, inflammatory-cell infiltration into the joint capsule was most apparent in the bone drilling and reconstruction groups, and joint capsule fibrosis was also most apparent in these groups at 7 and 28 d post-surgery.
Conclusions
Our results suggest that (1) myogenic contracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is caused by arthrotomy and aggravated by bone drilling, and (2) arthrogenic contracture is mostly due to bone drilling, which triggers an inflammation–fibrosis cascade.
Acknowledgment
We acknowledge technical assistance from Dr. Takuya Umehara and Mr. Akira Takahashi.
Author’s contributions
Akinori Kaneguchi: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Junya Ozawa: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. Kengo Minamimoto: Investigation. Kaoru Yamaoka: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).