Urinary Mercapturic Acids and a Hemoglobin Adduct for the Dosimetry of Acrylamide Exposure in Smokers and Nonsmokers

Abstract

Acrylamide, used in the manufacture of polyacrylamide and grouting agents, is also present in the diet and tobacco smoke. It is a neurotoxin and a probable human carcinogen. Analytical methods were established to determine the mercapturic acids of acrylamide (N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine, AAMA) and its metabolite glycidamide (N-(R/S)-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine, GAMA) by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), as well as the N-terminal valine adduct of acrylamide (N-2-carbamoylethylvaline, AAVal) released by N-alkyl Edman degradation of hemoglobin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-four-hour urine samples from 60 smokers and 60 nonsmokers were analyzed for AAMA and GAMA, and blood samples were analyzed for AAVal. Smokers excreted 2.5-fold higher amounts of AAMA and 1.7-fold higher amounts of GAMA in their urine and had 3-fold higher levels of AAVal in their blood. All three biomarkers of acrylamide exposure were strongly correlated with the smoking dose as determined by the daily cigarette consumption, nicotine equivalents (the molar sum of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, and their respective glucuronides) in urine, salivary cotinine, and carbon monoxide in expired breath. In nonsmokers, a weak but significant correlation between AAMA and the estimated dietary intake of acrylamide was found. It is concluded that all three biomarkers of acrylamide are suitable for the determination of exposure in both smokers and nonsmokers.