Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Substance-Using Women Entering Cook County Jail

Abstract

In the United States, the number of incarcerated women continues to rise each year, with African American women having the highest incarceration rates. Many women enter prisons and jails with an extensive trauma history, though little is known about the percentage of these individuals suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and specific trauma exposures they have had based on factors such as homelessness, degree of substance problems, and race. The present study examines a largely African American substance-using population of incarcerated women to determine the impact of various factors on specific traumas reported. We found that individuals reporting symptoms meeting criteria for PTSD had experienced the highest average number of traumas, and those who had ever been homeless also experienced many and varied trauma exposures compared with those who had never been homeless. Higher substance problems were also associated with more trauma exposure. Fewer than 10 percent of the sample met full criteria for PTSD, though those reporting having ever been homeless and those with higher substance problems were significantly more likely to meet all criteria. Results indicate a need to assess previous homelessness as a method for identifying additional trauma exposures and guiding treatment to women's specific needs and trauma profiles.

KEYWORDS:

• African American women
• incarceration
• posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• substance use
• trauma

Notes

Note: Subscript letters denote significant differences by Tukey post hoc tests.

Note: PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

*Significant at p < .05.

Note: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

*Significant at p < .05.