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Abstract
The literature on territorial innovation modes has identified the development of a diverse set of innovation systems at multiple levels of analysis. However, there are certain gaps that do not allow their adaptation to the particularities of certain territories. Despite the multiple concepts related to innovation systems approach, the state of the art does not yet provide a useful analytical approach for a deep and comprehensive characterization of territories with a high sectoral and technological specialization. This paper introduces an analytical framework based on a regional open and sectoral innovation system, which is qualitatively tested in the Durango County (Spain). The aim of this paper is to introduce a subtype of innovation system that meets the requirements and needs of a located micro-territory with a high level of sectoral specialization.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Notes
1. Sharif (Citation2006) also agrees with Miettinen (Citation2002) in considering the concept to be politically rather than scientifically oriented.
2. The bottom-up perspective (Iammarino Citation2005) is characterized by public–private partnerships where cooperative relationships between firms, public stakeholders, knowledge players, facilitators, etc. are promoted without the unilateral direction of any stakeholder. This bottom-up approach is justified by: localized communication flows, localized inventions and localized learning, search for new procedures, integration in localized networks and historical (path dependent) relationships.
3. Bearing in mind that there are multiple reviews dealing with the evolution of the innovation system concept and the new approaches that have emerged (Doloreux Citation2002; Doloreux and Parto Citation2005; Uyarra Citation2010), the analysis of the complementarities and differences of these concepts will not be addressed.
4. Despite Table introduces the governance modes related to each type of innovation system, naturally, this is very dependent on the particular characteristics (i.e. size, path-dependence, sectoral variety, etc.) of each system. Therefore, the governance modes reflected in the table should not be understood as normative, but rather as the way in which the literature points to governance in each type of innovation system.
5. See Table for an analysis of the differences between the ROSIS model and other approaches such as the RIS, the SIS or the ORIS.
6. Often, when these micro-territories do not count on a political legitimacy, they are referred to as functional regions (Andersson and Karlsson Citation2006).
7. We are particularly grateful to Reviewer 2 for raising awareness about this particular issue.
8. No external firms were interviewed since their knowledge about the inner relationships firms have in the county and their views about the social and cultural values cannot be identified.
9. As it will be observed later in the manuscript, the metalworking value chain is at the core of the ROSIS model (see Figure ). The data included under the heading ‘Stamping’ refers to both Stamping and Forging activities. No specific data have been obtained for ‘Wasting’ activities, which are included in the category of ‘Others’. Besides Wasting, this category includes Plastics, Energy, Tool providers and the Paper industry (11.42% of firms and 8.40% of the employment).
10. An example of this availability is the participation of vocational training centres as certified stakeholders in the CHEQUE+ INNOVA 2012 and 2013 calls of the Basque Government in order to develop technological optimization projects together with firms. Other examples are the EKOSCAN projects focused on the environmental improvement and the technical optimization of industrial processes.
11. This somehow evidences the relationship that vocational training centres have traditionally had with firms in the county.
12. Other examples of relevant institutions that can be identified in the territory are the casting institute Tabira, or Gerediaga, which promotes the cultural and social values of the county.
13. The Durango County could be regarded as a functional region due to its limited political legitimacy. In this sense, it would be interesting to gain a more knowledge on the travel to work distances of the inhabitants of the county. Unfortunately, no data on this matter could be gathered.
14. The characteristics of these open networks can be observed in the relationships established along the value chain (Figure ).
15. INTEK and INTEKBERRI are two programmes promoted by the Basque Government so as to promote individual and cooperative R&D projects respectively for the development of new processes or products. In particular, a continuous increasing in cooperative R&D projects between local firms is identified.
16. CIC Margune is the Cooperative Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, which was opened in 2002.
17. DFB corresponds to the Provincial Council of Biscay (i.e. Diputación Foral de Bizkaia) and CAPV to the Basque Country (i.e. Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco). The acronym C.FP is a shortened way of referring to vocational training centres (i.e. Centros de Formación Profesional). MICINN is the current Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Economy and Competitiveness (i.e. former Ministry of Science and Innovation – Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación).
18. As it will be observed later in the manuscript, the metalworking value chain is at the core of the ROSIS model (see Figure ). The data included under the heading ‘Stamping’ refers to both Stamping and Forging activities. No specific data have been obtained for ‘Wasting’ activities, which are included in the category of ‘Others’. Besides Wasting, this category includes Plastics, Energy, Tool providers and the Paper industry (11.42% of firms and 8.40% of the employment).
19. DFB corresponds to the Provincial Council of Biscay (i.e. Diputación Foral de Bizkaia) and CAPV to the Basque Country (i.e. Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco). The acronym C.FP is a shortened way of referring to vocational training centres (i.e. Centros de Formación Profesional). MICINN is the current Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Economy and Competitiveness (i.e. former Ministry of Science and Innovation – Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación).