A new method to elicit and measure movement illusions in stroke by means of muscle tendon vibration: the Standardized Kinesthetic Illusion Procedure (SKIP)

Abstract

Purpose: Muscle tendon vibration (MTV) strongly activates muscle spindles and can evoke kinaesthetic illusions. Although potentially relevant for sensorimotor rehabilitation in stroke, MTV is scarcely used in clinical practice, likely because of the absence of standardised procedures to elicit and characterise movement illusions. This work developed and validated a Standardised Kinaesthetic Illusion Procedure (SKIP) to favour the use of MTV-induced illusions in clinical settings.

Materials and methods: SKIP scores were obtained in 15 individuals with chronic stroke and 18 age- and gender-matched healthy counterparts. A further 13 healthy subjects were tested to provide more data with the general population. MTV was applied over the Achilles tendon and SKIP scoring system characterised the clearness and direction of the illusions of ankle dorsiflexion movements.

Results: All healthy and stroke participants perceived movement illusions. SKIP scores on the paretic side were significantly lower compared to the non paretic and healthy. Illusions were less clear and sometimes in unexpected directions with the impaired ankle, but still possible to elicit in the presence of sensorimotor deficits.

Conclusions: SKIP represents an ancillary and potentially useful clinical method to elicit and characterise illusions of movements induced by MTV. SKIP could be relevant to further assess the processing of proprioceptive afferents in stroke and their potential impact on motor control and recovery. It may be used to guide therapy and improve sensorimotor recovery. Future work is needed to investigate the metrological properties of our method (reliability, responsiveness, etc.), and also the neurophysiological underpinnings of MTV-induced illusions.

Keywords:

• Proprioception
• kinaesthetic illusion
• muscle tendon vibration
• chronic stroke
• ankle impairment

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The authors acknowledge the support of the Canadian Foundation for Innovation [grant 10071], funds from the Réseau Mère-Enfant de la Francophonie [no grant number], and studentships from the Fonds de Recherche en Santé du Québec and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.