The Effects of Myxobolus cerebralis on the Physiological Performance of Whirling Disease Resistant and Susceptible Strains of Rainbow Trout

Abstract

The development of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss strains that are resistant to whirling disease has shown promise as a management tool for populations in areas where Myxobolus cerebralis is present. However, the physiological effects of the disease on characteristics necessary for fish survival in natural river conditions have not been tested in many of these strains. Five rainbow trout strains were evaluated for their swimming ability and growth characteristics in relation to M. cerebralis exposure: the resistant German rainbow trout (GR) strain (Hofer strain), the susceptible Colorado River rainbow trout (CRR) strain, and three intermediate (hybrid) strains (F₁ = GR × CRR; F₂ = F₁ × F₁; B₂ = backcross of F₁ × CRR). Three broad response patterns among strain and exposure were evident in our study. First, exposure metrics, growth performance, and swimming ability differed among strains. Second, exposure to the parasite did not necessarily produce differences in growth or swimming ability. Exposure to M. cerebralis did not affect batch weight for any strain, and critical swimming velocity did not differ between exposed and unexposed families. Third, although exposure did not necessarily affect growth or swimming ability, individuals that exhibited clinical deformities did show reduced growth and swimming performance; fish with clinical deformities were significantly smaller and had lower critical swimming velocities than exposed fish without clinical deformities. Research and management have focused on GR × CRR hybrid strains; however, given the performance of the GR strain in our study, it should not be discounted as a potential broodstock. Additional field trials comparing the GR and F₁ strains should be conducted before wholesale adoption of the GR strain to reestablish rainbow trout populations in Colorado.

Received September 9, 2010; accepted May 27, 2011

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was funded by the Whirling Disease Foundation and CDOW through the U.S. Geological Survey's Colorado Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. We thank T. McDowell and R. Hedrick (University of California–Davis) and R. Barry Nehring (CDOW) for providing TAMs for the experimental exposures; P. Schler and A. Avalos (CDOW Bellvue Fish Research Hatchery) for helping with broodstock and strain development; and M. Brandt, M. McGree, A. Zamora, B. Lanckriet, and M. Catanese for their laboratory assistance. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.