An ultrawide band monopole antenna using hexagonal-square shaped fractal geometry

Abstract

Fractal geometry antennas are much sought after in present scenario of wireless communication due to ever increasing demand for high gain, wide bandwidth, low cost, compact size and easily deployable antennas. An ultrawide band monopole antenna using compact hexagonal-square shaped fractal geometry is proposed here, which nearly fulfils the above demands. The fractal geometry is introduced by iteration of square slots in the hexagonal radiating patch etched on a circular chunk. The proposed antenna achieves percentage bandwidth of 146% approximately ranging from $2.1$ to $13.5$ GHz with return loss of $-25$ dB and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2. It achieves maximum peak gain of 7.2 dBi at 11.7 GHz and an average gain of 3.9 dBi in the entire operating range of frequency, efficiency of 87.57% and good radiation pattern. A prototype of simulated antenna is developed and the tested results are validated using equivalent circuit model as well. The results are in conformity with each other. Therefore, the proposed design can be used for UWB applications such as Bluetooth ($2.4$ GHz), LTE ($2.3$  GHz), WLAN ($2.4-2.48$  GHz), 5G, WiMAX ($2.5-2.69/3.4-3.69/5.25-5.85$  GHz), military communication in C-band, satellite communication in X-band and S-band.

Keywords:

• Monopole antenna
• fractal geometries
• ultra-wideband (UWB)
• Microstrip transmission line feeding
• partial ground structure (PGS)

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Ranjeet Kumar

Mr. Ranjeet Kumar was born in Patna, India in 1989. He received B.Tech degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering from Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Sikkim, India, in 2012, and M.Tech in Electronics & Communication Engineering from BITM, West Bengal, India in 2014 and pursuing Ph.D in Microwave Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India.

Rashmi Sinha

Dr. Rashmi Sinha was born in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India in 1972. She received the B.Sc. (Engineering) degree in Electrical Engineering and M.Sc. (Engineering) degree in Power Electronics in the year 1995 and 2003 respectively from National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India. She received her Ph.D from there. She joined National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur as Lecturer in 1997. Presently, she is Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering and Head of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering in the same institute. Her area of interest includes antenna design, array synthesis, microwave, metamaterial and soft computing. Dr. Sinha has published 2 books, 4 book chapter, 10 paper in International conference and 13 research article in Journal of repute. He has more than 22 years of teaching experience.

Arvind Choubey

Prof. Arvind Choubey was born in Bihar, India in 1958. He obtained B. Tech. and M. Tech degree in Electrical Engineering from Bihar University, India and Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India respectively. He received Ph.D. degree from Ranchi University, Ranchi, India. He is a Professor in the department of Electronics & Communication engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India. Presently, he is Director of Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur, India. He is a member of Executive Committee, AICTE, Govt. of India. Prof. Choubey is a project co-coordinator of System to Chip Design (C2SD) under MHRD project, Govt. of India. He is a Member, IEEE, USA and fellow Member of Institute of Engineers (FIE), India. He is also a life member of Indian Society for Technical Education (LISTE), India. He is board member of IIIT Allahabad, India. His main areas of research interest are communication systems, metamaterial, antenna, signal processing and soft computing optimization techniques and has published more than 60 papers in these areas and got several awards for outstanding publications. He is chairman and keynotes speaker in various International conferences.

Santosh Kumar Mahto

Dr. Santosh Kumar Mahto was born in Patna, India in 1985. He received the B.Tech degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering from National Institute of Science & Technology, Berhampur, India, in 2010, the M.E in wireless communication from BIT Mesra, Ranchi, India in 2012 and Ph.D in Microwave Engineering from National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India in 2017. In 2017, he joined Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi, as a faculty. Presently, he is Assistant Professor in the same institute. Dr. Mahto is Associate Member of Institute of Engineers India. His current research interest includes microwave and millimeter wave antenna, array synthesis, soft computing and electromagnetic wave absorbers. Dr. Mahto received IEEE Early Member Ship Award, International Travel Support grant from DST Govt. of India and MHRD Govt. of India. He availed scholarship receiving during his M.Tech & Ph.D programs. Dr. Mahto has published 2 books, 4 book chapter, 10 paper in International conference and 10 research article in Journal of repute. He has more than 3 years of teaching experience.