https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9970-5729
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ABSTRACT
Introduction: Ocular toxoplasmosis is the leading cause of posterior uveitis worldwide, affecting individuals acrossdifferent age groups. The key to reducing vision loss includes prompt diagnosis and treatment. However, despite the prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis, there has been little consensus regarding its pathophysiology,clinical features, diagnosis, and especially management. Methods: The data sources were literature reviews, including Pub Med and Medline databases. Search terms included toxoplasmosis, retinitis, vasculitis, vitritis, uveitis alone or in combination with, serum, aqueous, vitreous eye, ocular and review. Results: In this review paper, we have sought to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of the disease, both based on current literature and our own clinical experience. We have also discussed the use of serology, ocular fluid, and ophthalmic investigations that could further facilitate the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.Different management strategies have been reported worldwide, including newer approaches such as local therapy. Conclusion: A better understanding of critical aspects of ocular toxoplasmosis will hopefully lead to reduced morbidity, including blindness associated with this condition.
List of abbreviations
| OT | = | Ocular Toxoplasmosis |
| T. gondii | = | Toxoplasma gondii |
| DCs | = | Dendritic cells |
| RPE | = | Retinal pigment epithelium |
| ICAM-1 | = | Intercellular-adhesion molecule-1 |
| VCAM-1 | = | Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 |
| ALCAM | = | Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule |
| IL | = | Interleukin |
| AIDS | = | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
| HIV | = | Human immunodeficiency virus |
| PCR | = | Polymerase chain reaction |
| GWC | = | Goldmann-Witmer Coefficient |
| WB | = | Western blot |
| AH | = | Aqueous humor |
| FAF | = | Fundus autofluorescence |
| OCT | = | Optical coherence tomography |
| SS-OCT | = | Swept-source optical coherence tomography |
| OCT-A | = | Optical coherence tomography angiography |
| FFA | = | Fundus fluorescein angiography |
| ICGA | = | Indocyanine green angiography |
| VA | = | Visual acuity |
| TMP | = | Trimethoprim |
| SMZ | = | Sulfamethoxazole |
| PYR | = | Pyrimethamine |
| SDZ | = | Sulfadiazine |
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).