Clinical and Microbiological Diagnosis of Trachoma in Children Living in Rural Areas in the District of Attock, Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

Background: Trachoma is a sight-threatening process triggered by infection of the conjunctiva with Chlamydiae. When this infection becomes chronic and is associated with poverty it triggers trachoma, the prime cause of infectious blindness in the world. Since the 1958 report indicating that the highest incidence of trachoma in Pakistan was found in the province of Punjab, no new trials have been published. In the present study, we assessed the prevalence of trachoma in 3968 children living in 11 rural villages in the district of Attock, Punjab, Pakistan. The children with trachoma were sampled to detect C. trachomatis by PCR. Methods: Children in rural villages in the district of Attock were examined for trachoma in February 2004. Samples were obtained by scraping, and DNA was extracted (MagnaPure-LC Robot) and amplified to detect C. trachomatis (Amplicor-Roche). The quality of sampling was assessed by quantifying the number of cells by real-time PCR. Results: The prevalence of trachoma was 3.7% (0 to 6.2%). PCR was positive in 20% of samples from trachomatous children and the number of cells was always >100/sample. The income levels, illiteracy, use of latrines, water supply, and the presence of animals close to dwellings were similar in all the villages. In Sujjenda, the prevalence was doubled in the warmest season. Conclusions: Trachoma was diagnosed in 3.7% of the children aged <10 years. The low rates for positive PCR may be due to loss of the plasmid, the involvement of other Chlamydiae, or their absence in chronic infections. The results obtained here underestimate the prevalence of trachoma because most of the mothers (and babies) were not tested in the district of Attock.

KEYWORDS:

• Trachoma prevalence
• trachoma diagnosis
• follicles
• PCR
• Chlamydiae
• underdeveloped countries
• Pakistan
• Punjab