Women with Visual Impairment and Insured by Medicaid or Medicare Are Less Likely to Receive Recommended Screening for Breast and Cervical Cancers

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To investigate whether women with visual impairment (VI) receive mammography and Pap testing to the same extent as women without VI among the low income population or those aged 65+ years.

Methods: We analyzed the 2000–2010 Medicaid and Medicare data for South Carolina women. Women with VI were identified on the basis of a qualifying diagnosis in billing data. We assessed women’s adherence (full adherence, partial adherence and no screening) with two United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) cancer screening recommendations (mammography and Pap testing) throughout the course of the study period. Multinomial models were estimated to describe the association between VI and adherence to the two cancer screening recommendations.

Results: A total of 1308 women with VI and 2635 women without VI (mammography) and 1247 women with VI and 2483 women without VI (Pap testing) were included in the study. After adjusting for age, number of eligible enrollment years, insurance type (Medicare, Medicaid, or both), urban or rural residence and having a hysterectomy, women with VI were significantly less likely than those without VI to have full adherence to mammography recommendations (adjusted odds ratio, OR, 0.49, 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.40–0.60) and Pap testing recommendations (adjusted OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.27–0.39).

Conclusion: We used a new approach to investigate adherence to USPSTF recommendations, accounting for both full and partial adherence. This approach identified disparities in mammography and Pap testing for women with VI. The findings of this study should facilitate the development of effective interventions to increase screening among women with VI.

KEYWORDS:

• Breast cancer
• cervical cancer
• disparities
• mammography
• Pap testing screening
• visual impairment

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (Grant # 1U01DD001007).

Funding

This research was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cooperative agreement U01 RFA-DD-12-006.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the writing and content of this article.

Disclaimer

The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Additional information

Funding

This research was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, cooperative agreement U01 RFA-DD-12-006.