Cognitive, behavioral and psychological functioning of children and adults with conservatively managed metopic synostosis

ABSTRACT

Children diagnosed with metopic synostosis (MS) commonly experience poor neuropsychological outcomes, with research suggesting that children whose MS is managed conservatively (without surgery) potentially having worse outcomes than their operated peers. However, studies of children whose MS was managed conservatively are scarce. This study therefore examined the cognitive, behavioral, and psychological functioning of children/adults with conservatively managed MS (N = 38) and compares their outcomes to individually matched healthy controls (N = 38) of the same age and sex (matched-pairs design) from the general community. Age-appropriate, validated assessments measuring general cognition, verbal and visuospatial ability, attention and working memory, executive functioning, behavior, depression, anxiety, and satisfaction with appearance were utilized. Group differences were estimated using linear regression for (a) the overall sample and (b) by broad developmental stages: 2&3 yrs; ≥6–≤17. Moderate to large negative effects (g = −0.38 to −1.30) were evident before controlling for socio-economic status (SES), with the MS group performing significantly worse on 8 out of the 10 cognitive domains (general cognition, visuospatial ability, working memory, information processing, executive functioning: semantic & initial letter verbal fluency, switching, inhibition+switching). However, only initial letter verbal fluency (g = −0.99) and switching (g = −1.19) remained significant after adjusting for SES. The MS group displayed more behavioral problems, although this was not significant. Depression, anxiety, and satisfaction with appearance did not differ between the groups. Regular monitoring of cognitive functioning, particularly executive functioning, should be undertaken for those with conservatively managed MS.

KEYWORDS:

• Metopic synostosis
• unoperated
• neuropsychological
• mental health
• appearance

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank J Bednarz, who assisted with the statistical analyses.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

Supported by the Australian Cranio-Maxillo Facial Foundation.