Brain structure and neural activity related to reading in boys with isolated oral clefts

ABSTRACT

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate brain structure and function in participants with iCL/P and unaffected controls. Effects of cleft presence and reading status (average vs impaired) were evaluated.

Methods: Males, ages 8–11 years old, including 26 with iCL/P and 57 unaffected peers were recruited and coded for reading status (average vs impaired). All participants underwent a volumetric and task-based functional MRI. Volumes and significant regions of activation during the decoding task were obtained. Main effects of cleft and reading status, and their interaction were evaluated.

Results: Participants with iCL/P had significantly increased frontal gray matter volume (associated with average reading) and occipital gray and white matter volume (associated with impaired reading). Impaired readers with iCL/P had a distinctive activation pattern in visual association and motor regions relative to other groups.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that increases in frontal gray matter volume may be associated with effective compensation during reading, while posterior increases in occipital volume may be associated with ineffective compensation for participants with iCL/P. These patterns were different from idiopathic dyslexia. Further work in a larger sample is needed to determine if these differences are associated with cleft type and with sex.

Abbreviations: iCL/P (isolated cleft lip and/or palate); iCL (isolated cleft lip only); iCLP (isolated cleft lip and palate); iCP (isolated cleft palate only); uAR (unaffected average reader); uIR (unaffected impaired reader); cAR (average reader with iCL/P); cIR (impaired reader with iCL/P).

KEYWORDS:

• Cleft
• Reading
• fMRI
• MRI

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Decoding Dyslexia (Iowa and Illinois chapters) and the University of Iowa Craniofacial Clinic for their assistance in recruitment. We also would like to express our appreciation to the families who gave their time and effort to this study.

Disclosure statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest relevant to this article to disclose.

Role of the Funder/Sponsor

The National Institutes of Health had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Additional information

Funding

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers DE024511 and UL1TR002537]. This work was conducted on an MRI instrument funded by 1S10OD025025-01; National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research.