Optical techniques in optogenetics

Abstract

Optogenetics is an innovative technique for optical control of cells. This field has exploded over the past decade or so and has given rise to great advances in neuroscience. A variety of applications both from the basic and applied research have emerged, turning the early ideas into a powerful paradigm for cell biology, neuroscience, and medical research. This review aims at highlighting the basic concepts that are essential for a comprehensive understanding of optogenetics and some important biological/biomedical applications. Further, emphasis is placed on advancement in optogenetics-associated light-based methods for controlling gene expression, spatially controlled optogenetic stimulation and detection of cellular activities.

Keywords:

• optogenetics
• neuroscience
• cell biology
• biomedical optics
• biophysics
• biophotonics
• vision science

Acknowledgments

The primary author (SM) is indebted to the collaborators, co-workers and students involved with his group in optogenetic research. Special thanks to Dr Young-tae Kim and Dr Bryan Black (UTA) for help in preparation of some portion of the text and figures. SM would also like to thank the support from Office of President and Provost, The University of Texas at Arlington and the National Science Foundation (1148541) and National Institute of Health (NS084311). Apologies to all the authors whose excellent work could not be included due to limitation on space.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the University of Texas at Arlington and the National Science Foundation [grant number 1148541]; National Institute of Health [grant number NS084311].