Factor Analysis of Drawings: Application to college student models of the greenhouse effect

Abstract

Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify models underlying drawings of the greenhouse effect made by over 200 entering university freshmen. Initial content analysis allowed deconstruction of drawings into salient features, with grouping of these features via factor analysis. A resulting 4-factor solution explains 62% of the data variance, suggesting that 4 archetype models of the greenhouse effect dominate thinking within this population. Factor scores, indicating the extent to which each student's drawing aligned with representative models, were compared to performance on conceptual understanding and attitudes measures, demographics, and non-cognitive features of drawings. Student drawings were also compared to drawings made by scientists to ascertain the extent to which models reflect more sophisticated and accurate models. Results indicate that student and scientist drawings share some similarities, most notably the presence of some features of the most sophisticated non-scientific model held among the study population. Prior knowledge, prior attitudes, gender, and non-cognitive components are also predictive of an individual student's model. This work presents a new technique for analyzing drawings, with general implications for the use of drawings in investigating student conceptions.

Keywords:

• Alternative conceptions
• Climate change
• Factor analysis
• Drawings
• University

Acknowledgements

We thank all students and scientists who participated in this work, as well as members of the Geocognition Research Lab and anonymous reviewers for thoughtful review of an earlier version of this manuscript.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.