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Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), widely known as 3D printing, is a method of manufacturing that forms parts from powder, wire or sheets in a process that proceeds layer by layer. Many techniques (using many different names) have been developed to accomplish this via melting or solid-state joining. In this review, these techniques for producing metal parts are explored, with a focus on the science of metal AM: processing defects, heat transfer, solidification, solid-state precipitation, mechanical properties and post-processing metallurgy. The various metal AM techniques are compared, with analysis of the strengths and limitations of each. Only a few alloys have been developed for commercial production, but recent efforts are presented as a path for the ongoing development of new materials for AM processes.
Acknowledgements
Research sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing Office, under contract DE-AC05–00OR22725 with UT-Battelle, LLC. This research was also supported by fellowship funding received from the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Energy University Programmes. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide licence to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes.
ORCID
W. J. Sames http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8701-9166
S. Pannala http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5040-1222
S. S. Babu http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3531-2579