Abstract
This study deals with the Jewish communities in Venetian Crete (1204–1669), with special emphasis on the last two centuries of Venetian rule: their organizational structure by comparison with the corporations of the Christians, their internal social stratification, and their relations both with Catholic Venice as a political authority and with the indigenous Christian populations. It attempts to illustrate how the discourse of self-representation on the part of the Jews – but also the Christians' view of their ‘otherness’ – were decisive factors in the strengthening of identities and the consolidation of the Jews of Venetian Crete as a distinct community within the complex political, social, and economic landscape of the island.
Notes
1. Of the copious literature on Jews of Crete, the most comprehensive is CitationStarr, ‘Jewish Life’. See also CitationXanthoudidis, ‘Eβραίoι ϵν Kρήτη’; CitationAnkori, ‘Jews’; CitationSantschi, ‘Communauté juive en Crète’; CitationJacoby, ‘Vie juive en Crète’; Tsiknakis, ‘Eβραϊκή κoινότητα Xάνδακα’, which includes a large bibliography; CitationJacoby, ‘Jews and Christians in Crete’; CitationArbel, ‘Jews and Christians in Sixteenth-Century Crete’.
3. Among the numerous studies on the history of Crete, including chapters on the Venetian period, see CitationPanayotakis, Kρήτη. Of the wide range of literature on the Greek-Venetian lands, including the history of Venetian Crete, see CitationThiriet, Romanie Vénitienne; CitationMaltezou, ΄Oψϵις ιστoρίας βϵνϵτoκρατoυ´μϵνoυ Eλληνισμoυ´; CitationMaltezou, Bϵνϵτoκρατoυ´μϵνη Eλλάδα.
5. CitationTheotokis, Θϵσπίσματα, 2/1, 224–6, 2/II, 29–30, and CitationNoiret, Documents, 244–59. One other delegation is mentioned in 1314 (CitationJacoby, ‘Venice, Inquisition and Jewish Communities’, 132–8).
8. For early proclamations, see CitationRatti-Vidulich, Bandi. In this paper, emphasis will be placed on proclamations relating to the Jews of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, including periods of peace but also the long siege of Chandax-Candia by the Ottomans (1648–1669). Apart from the well-known ordini of Giacomo Foscarini (see CitationAnkori,‘Foscarini’), there are also the ordini of Sindici Inquisitori in Levante Marco Contarini, Pierro Corraro, and Giovanni Capello (1635–1638). See CitationArchivio di Stato di Venezia (hereafter: ASV.), Sindici Inquisitori in Levante, b. 67, Ordini Marco Contarini, Pierro Corraro, Giovanni Capello, fols. 73r–77r (2 December 1636–17/22 February 1636 = 1637); See also the atti of Capitano Grande Marino Bragadin (1639–1641), CitationASV, Duca di Candia (hereafter: DC), b. 70, Atti del Capitano Grande Marino Bragadin, 1639–1641. Estraordinario primo, 1639–1640 (hereafter ASV, DC, Atti), regarding Jewish issues of the seventeenth century which have not as yet come under extensive study.
10. Jacoby, ‘Vie juive en Crète’, 108–15.
17. For a concise yet comprehensive overview of the subject, see CitationLiata, ‘Oι Koινότητϵς’.
18. From the rich bibliography, see CitationMavroidi, Eλληνική Aδϵλϕότητα Bϵνϵτίας.
19. CitationJacoby, ‘Venice, Inquisition and Jewish Communities’, 143.
20. ASV, DC, Bandi, b. 16, reg. 11, fol. 44v (10 November 1603) (hereafter: ASV, DC, b. 16).
22. A.S.V., D.C., Atti, fol. 629v (12 August 1641).
23. Ankori has argued that Jews permanently resided in the Cretan countryside and were directly involved in rural production (CitationAnkori, ‘Jews’, 355–61). However, this view is contested by Jacoby, who maintains that the Jews of the rural areas acted merely as middlemen between the local peasants and Jewish merchants and consumers in Candia (CitationJacoby, ‘Jews and Christians in Crete’, 251–4).
26. For example, ASV, DC. Atti, fol. 630r.
27. Concerning the community of Candia, see the most important work by CitationArtom and Cassuto, Statuta Iudaeorum Candiae, which unfortunately I was unable to research.
28. CitationStarr, ‘Jewish Life’, 95–102; CitationMaltezou, ‘From Crete to Jerusalem’, 191. For contestabile and camerlenghi, see also ASV, DC. b. 16, fols. 44v–45v; ASV, DC, Bandi, b. 17, reg. 18, fols. 26v–28r (13 November 1654) (hereafter ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 18); ASV, Sindici, b. 67, fol. 75r. For tansador, see ASV, DC, Atti, fol. 630r.
29. ASV, DC, Atti, fols. 628v–630r.
30. ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 18, fol. 26v.
31. ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 17, fol. 34r–v (21 July 1635); ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 18., fol. 28r. For analogous ordinances of an earlier date, see CitationStarr, ‘Jewish Life’, 96.
32. ASV, DC, b. 16, fol. 45r–v; ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 18, fols. 27r–28r. For the Jews butchers, see also ASV, Sindici, b. 67, fols. 75r, 77r. For analogous ordinances, see CitationStarr, ‘Jewish Life’, 101. On wine, see CitationArbel. ‘Jewish Wine of Crete’.
34. ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 16, fol. 54r (6 February 1630 = 1631); ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 17, fol. 33v (21 July 1635).
35. For example, see ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 15, fols. 124r–v (9 November 1623). See also CitationArbel, ‘Jews and Christians in Sixteenth-Century Crete’, 285–6.
37. Regarding the levy and the names of the Cretan Jews, see ASV, DC, Bandi, b. 15bis, reg. 6, fols. 46r, 47r–48v (3,9 May 1521).
38. ASV, DC, Bandi, b. 17, reg. 18, fol. 27r. See also CitationBorsari, ‘Ricchi e poveri’.
39. ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 18, fol. 27v.
40. David Mavrogonato, a Jew of Crete, was a merchant, agent, and spy of Venice in the Ottoman Empire. In 1461 he turned over to the Venetians information on conspiratorial movements made by Cretans. In return for his services, he, his family, and the Jewish community of Crete were granted privileges that continued to be renewed up until the seventeenth century. For David Mavrogonato, his family, and their privileges, see CitationManoussakas, Σήϕης Bλαστός, 46–9, 75–84; CitationJacoby, ‘Un agent Juif’; CitationManoussakas, ‘Recueil de privilèges’.
41. ASV, DC, b. 17, reg. 15, fols. 124r–v.
43. CitationJacoby, ‘Jews and Christians in Crete’, 248–9, 256. On the forms of segregation, but also of integration, in the framework of Jewish-Christian relations in Venetian Crete, see CitationArbel, ‘Jews and Christians in Sixteenth-Century Crete’.
Starr
,
Joshua
.
1942
.
Jewish Life in Crete under the Rule of Venice
.
American Academy for Jewish Research, Proceedings
,
12
:
59
–
114
.
Xanthoudidis
,
Stefanos A.
1909
.
Oι Eβραίoι ϵν Kρήτη ϵπί Eνϵτoκρατίας
.
Kρητική Στoά
,
2
:
209
–
24
.
[‘The Jews in Crete during the Period of Venetian Domination’]
Ankori, Zvi. ‘Jews and the Jewish Community in the History of Medieval Crete’. Πεπραγμένα του B' Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου [Second International Congress of Cretological Studies]. (Chania, 1966), III, 312–67. Athens (n.p.), 1968
Santschi
,
Elisabeth
.
1973
.
Contribution a l'étude de la communauté juive en Crète Vénitienne au XIVe siècle, d'après des sources administratives et judiciaires
.
Studi Veneziani
,
15
:
177
–
211
.
Jacoby
,
David
.
1970
.
Venice, the Inquisition and the Jewish Community of Crete in the Early 14th Century
.
Studi Veneziani
,
12
:
127
–
44
.
Reprint, Recherches sur la Méditeranée orientale du XIIe au XVe siècle. Peuples, sociétés, économies. London: Variorum Reprints, 1979, IX
Jacoby
,
David
.
2010
.
“
Jews and Christians in Venetian Crete: Segregation, Interaction, and Conflict
”
. In
‘Interstizi’: Culture ebraico-cristiane a Venezia e nei suoi domini dal Medioevo all'Età Moderna
,
Edited by:
Israel
,
Uwe
,
Jütte
,
Robert
and
Mueller
,
Reinhold C.
243
–
79
.
Rome
:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura
.
Arbel
,
Benjamin
.
2010
.
“
Jews and Christians in Sixteenth-Century Crete: Between Segregation and Integration
”
. In
‘Interstizi’: Culture ebraico-cristiane a Venezia e nei suoi domini dal medioevo all'età moderna
,
Edited by:
Israel
,
Uwe
,
Jütte
,
Robert
and
Mueller
,
Reinhold C.
281
–
94
.
Rome
:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura
.
Jacoby
,
David
.
1993
.
“
Les Juifs de Byzance: une communauté marginalisée
”
. In
Oι Περιθωριακοί στο Βυζάντιο [Marginality in Byzantium]
,
Edited by:
Maltezou
,
Chryssa A.
103
–
54
.
Athens
:
Goulandri-Horn Foundation
.
Bonfil
,
Robert
,
Oded
,
MIrshai
,
Guy
,
G. Stroumsa
and
Rina
,
Talgam
.
2012
.
Jews in Byzantium. Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures
,
Leiden
:
Brill
.
Panayotakis
,
Nikolaos M.
, ed.
1988
.
Kρήτη: Iστoρία και Πoλιτισμός
,
2 vols
,
Crete
:
Association of Cretan Municipalities and Communities
.
[Crete: History and Civilization]
Thiriet
,
Freddy
.
1975
.
La Romanie Vénitienne au Moyen Age. Le développement et l'exploitation du domaine colonial vénitien (XIIe–XVe siècles)
,
2nd ed.
,
Paris
:
De Boccard
.
Maltezou
,
Chryssa A.
, ed.
1993
.
Όψϵις της ιστoρίας τoυ βϵνϵτoκρατoυ´μϵνoυ Eλληνισμoυ´. Aρχϵιακά τϵκμήρια
,
Athens
:
Hellenic Foundation for Culture Foundation
.
[Aspects of the History of the Greeks under Venetian Rule. Archive Material].
Maltezou
,
Chryssa A.
2010
.
Bϵνϵτoκρατoυ´μϵνη Eλλάδα. Πρoσϵγγίζoντας την ιστoρία της
,
Edited by:
Vlassi
,
Despina
and
Tzavara
,
Angeliki
.
2 vols
,
Athens and Venice
:
Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Postbyzantine Studies in Venice
.
[Venetian Greece. Approaching its History]
Theotokis
,
Spyridon M.
1936, 1937
.
Θϵσπίσματα της βϵνϵτικής Γϵρoυσίας, 1281–1385. Iστoρικά κρητικά έγγραϕα ϵκδιδόμϵνα ϵκ τoυ Aρχϵίoυ της Bϵνϵτίας. Mνημϵία της Eλληνικής Iστoρίας
,
[Resolutions of the Venetian Senate, 1281–1385. Historical Cretan Documents Published by the Venetian Archive. Monuments of Greek History]
Vols. 2/I, 2/II
,
Athens
:
Academy of Athens
.
Noiret
,
Hippolyte
.
1893
.
Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire de la domination vénitienne en Crète de 1380 ´à 1485. Tirés des archives de Venise
,
Paris
:
Thorin et Fils Éditeurs
.
Jacoby
,
David
.
1970
.
Venice, the Inquisition and the Jewish Community of Crete in the Early 14th Century
.
Studi Veneziani
,
12
:
127
–
44
.
Reprint, Recherches sur la Méditeranée orientale du XIIe au XVe siècle. Peuples, sociétés, économies. London: Variorum Reprints, 1979, IX
Papadia-Lala
,
Anastasia
.
2008
.
O θϵσμός των αστικών κoινoτήτων στoν ϵλληνικό χώρo κατά την πϵρίoδo της βϵνϵτoκρατίας (13oς–18oς αι.). Mια συνθϵτική πρoσέγγιση
,
2nd ed.
,
Venice
:
Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies in Venice
.
[The Civic Communities in the Venetian-ruled Greek Lands (13th–18th Centuries). A Synthetic Approach]
Koumanoudi, Marina. ‘Mϵ αϕoρμή την ηλϵκτρoνική καταγραϕή των πρϵσβϵιών της βϵνϵτoκρατoυ´μϵνης Kρήτης (13oς-15oς αιώνας): Mια πρώτη πρoσέγγιση τoυ αρχϵιακoυ´ υλικoυ´’ [‘The Creation of an Electronic Database of the Embassies of Venetian Crete (Thirteenth–Fifteenth Centuries): A First Approach to the Archival Material’]. Eώα και Eσπέρια, 7 (2007): 149–71
Ratti-Vidulich
,
Paola
.
1965
.
Duca di Candia. Bandi (1313–1329)
,
Venice
:
Il Comitato Editore
.
Ankori
,
Zvi
.
1981
.
Giacomo Foscarini and the Jews of Crete: A Reconsideration
.
Michael
,
7
:
9
–
118
.
Reprint, Studi Veneziani 9 (1985): 68–164
Archivio di Stato di Venezia (ASV), Duca di Candia (DC), busta (b.), 15bis, 16, 17, 70
ASV, Sindici Inquisitori in Levante, b. 67
Theotokis
,
Spyridon M.
1936, 1937
.
Θϵσπίσματα της βϵνϵτικής Γϵρoυσίας, 1281–1385. Iστoρικά κρητικά έγγραϕα ϵκδιδόμϵνα ϵκ τoυ Aρχϵίoυ της Bϵνϵτίας. Mνημϵία της Eλληνικής Iστoρίας
,
[Resolutions of the Venetian Senate, 1281–1385. Historical Cretan Documents Published by the Venetian Archive. Monuments of Greek History]
Vols. 2/I, 2/II
,
Athens
:
Academy of Athens
.
Noiret
,
Hippolyte
.
1893
.
Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire de la domination vénitienne en Crète de 1380 ´à 1485. Tirés des archives de Venise
,
Paris
:
Thorin et Fils Éditeurs
.
Jacoby
,
David
.
2010
.
“
Jews and Christians in Venetian Crete: Segregation, Interaction, and Conflict
”
. In
‘Interstizi’: Culture ebraico-cristiane a Venezia e nei suoi domini dal Medioevo all'Età Moderna
,
Edited by:
Israel
,
Uwe
,
Jütte
,
Robert
and
Mueller
,
Reinhold C.
243
–
79
.
Rome
:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura
.
Arbel
,
Benjamin
.
1995
.
Trading Nations: Jews and Venetians in the Early-Modern Eastern Mediterranean
,
Leiden
:
E.J. Brill
.
Ploumidis
,
Georgios S.
1986
.
Πρϵσβϵίϵς Kρητών πρoς τη Bϵνϵτία (1487–1558)
,
Ioannina
:
University of Ioannina
.
[Delegations of Cretans to Venice (1487–1558)]
Jacoby
,
David
.
1970
.
Venice, the Inquisition and the Jewish Community of Crete in the Early 14th Century
.
Studi Veneziani
,
12
:
127
–
44
.
Reprint, Recherches sur la Méditeranée orientale du XIIe au XVe siècle. Peuples, sociétés, économies. London: Variorum Reprints, 1979, IX
Pullan
,
Brian
.
1997
.
The Jews of Europe and the Inquisition of Venice, 1550–1670
,
2nd ed.
,
London
:
I.B. Tauris
.
Davis
,
Robert C.
and
Ravid
,
Benjamin
, eds.
2001
.
The Jews of Early Modern Venice
,
Baltimore
:
The Johns Hopkins University Press
.
Papadia-Lala
,
Anastasia
.
2008
.
O θϵσμός των αστικών κoινoτήτων στoν ϵλληνικό χώρo κατά την πϵρίoδo της βϵνϵτoκρατίας (13oς–18oς αι.). Mια συνθϵτική πρoσέγγιση
,
2nd ed.
,
Venice
:
Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies in Venice
.
[The Civic Communities in the Venetian-ruled Greek Lands (13th–18th Centuries). A Synthetic Approach]
Panopoulou, Angeliki. Συντϵχνίϵς και θρησκϵυτικές αδϵλϕότητϵς στην Kρήτη της βϵνϵτικής πϵριόδoυ [Guilds and Confraternities in Venetian Crete]. 2 vols. PhD diss. University of Crete, Rethymno, 2001
Malkiel
,
David J.
“
The Ghetto Republic
”
. In
The Jews and Early Modern Venice
Edited by:
Davis
,
Robert C.
and
Ravid
,
Benjamin
.
117
–
42
.
Liata
,
Eftychia
.
2003
.
“
Oι Κοινότητες’ [‘The Communities’]
”
. In
Ιστορία του Νέου Ελληνισμού. 1700–2000 [History of New Hellenism. 1700–2000]
,
vol. 2
,
309
–
24
.
Athens
:
Ellinika Grammata
.
Mavroidi
,
Fani
.
1976
.
Συμβολή στην ιστορία της Ελληνικής Αδελφότητας Βενετίας στο ΙΣΤ΄ αιώνα. Έκδοση του Β΄ Μητρώου εγγραφών (1533–1562) [A Contribution to the History of the Greek Confraternity in Venice in the XVI Century. Publication of Register II (1533–1562)]
,
Athens
:
Notis Karavias' Bookshop
.
Jacoby
,
David
.
1970
.
Venice, the Inquisition and the Jewish Community of Crete in the Early 14th Century
.
Studi Veneziani
,
12
:
127
–
44
.
Reprint, Recherches sur la Méditeranée orientale du XIIe au XVe siècle. Peuples, sociétés, économies. London: Variorum Reprints, 1979, IX
Starr
,
Joshua
.
1942
.
Jewish Life in Crete under the Rule of Venice
.
American Academy for Jewish Research, Proceedings
,
12
:
59
–
114
.
Ankori, Zvi. ‘Jews and the Jewish Community in the History of Medieval Crete’. Πεπραγμένα του B' Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου [Second International Congress of Cretological Studies]. (Chania, 1966), III, 312–67. Athens (n.p.), 1968
Ankori, Zvi. ‘Jews and the Jewish Community in the History of Medieval Crete’. Πεπραγμένα του B' Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου [Second International Congress of Cretological Studies]. (Chania, 1966), III, 312–67. Athens (n.p.), 1968
Jacoby
,
David
.
2010
.
“
Jews and Christians in Venetian Crete: Segregation, Interaction, and Conflict
”
. In
‘Interstizi’: Culture ebraico-cristiane a Venezia e nei suoi domini dal Medioevo all'Età Moderna
,
Edited by:
Israel
,
Uwe
,
Jütte
,
Robert
and
Mueller
,
Reinhold C.
243
–
79
.
Rome
:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura
.
Lambrinos
,
Kostas
.
“
Koινωνική συγκρότηση στην υ´παιθρo
”
. In
Bϵνϵτoκρατoυ´μϵνη Eλλάδα
Edited by:
Maltezou
.
131
–
53
.
[‘Social Makeup in Rural Areas’]
Jacoby
,
David
.
2010
.
“
Jews and Christians in Venetian Crete: Segregation, Interaction, and Conflict
”
. In
‘Interstizi’: Culture ebraico-cristiane a Venezia e nei suoi domini dal Medioevo all'Età Moderna
,
Edited by:
Israel
,
Uwe
,
Jütte
,
Robert
and
Mueller
,
Reinhold C.
243
–
79
.
Rome
:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura
.
Artom
,
Elia S.
and
Umberto
,
M.D. Cassuto
, eds.
1943
.
Statuta Iudaeorum Candiae eorumque memorabilia
,
Jerusalem
:
Mekize Nirdamim
.
Starr
,
Joshua
.
1942
.
Jewish Life in Crete under the Rule of Venice
.
American Academy for Jewish Research, Proceedings
,
12
:
59
–
114
.
Maltezou
,
Chryssa A.
1995
.
From Crete to Jerusalem: The Will of a Cretan Jew (1626)
.
Mediterranean Historical Review
,
10
(
1–2
)
:
189
–
201
.
Special issue on Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean: Studies in Honour of David Jacoby, ed. Benjamin Arbel
Starr
,
Joshua
.
1942
.
Jewish Life in Crete under the Rule of Venice
.
American Academy for Jewish Research, Proceedings
,
12
:
59
–
114
.
Starr
,
Joshua
.
1942
.
Jewish Life in Crete under the Rule of Venice
.
American Academy for Jewish Research, Proceedings
,
12
:
59
–
114
.
Arbel
,
Benjamin
.
2008
.
“
The “Jewish Wine” of Crete
”
. In
Monemvasian Wine-Monovas(i)a-Malvasia
,
Edited by:
Anagnostakis
,
Ilias
.
81
–
8
.
Athens
:
National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute for Byzantine Research
.
Ankori
,
Zvi
.
1981
.
Giacomo Foscarini and the Jews of Crete: A Reconsideration
.
Michael
,
7
:
9
–
118
.
Reprint, Studi Veneziani 9 (1985): 68–164
Arbel
,
Benjamin
.
2010
.
“
Jews and Christians in Sixteenth-Century Crete: Between Segregation and Integration
”
. In
‘Interstizi’: Culture ebraico-cristiane a Venezia e nei suoi domini dal medioevo all'età moderna
,
Edited by:
Israel
,
Uwe
,
Jütte
,
Robert
and
Mueller
,
Reinhold C.
281
–
94
.
Rome
:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura
.
Starr
,
Joshua
.
1942
.
Jewish Life in Crete under the Rule of Venice
.
American Academy for Jewish Research, Proceedings
,
12
:
59
–
114
.
Tsiknakis
,
Kostas G.
1998
.
“
H ϵβραϊκή κoινότητα τoυ Xάνδακα στα μέσα τoυ 16oυ αιώνα
”
. In
Άνθη Xαρίτων
,
Edited by:
Panayotakes
,
Nikolaos
.
729
–
52
.
Venice
:
Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies in Venice
.
[‘The Jewish Community of Candia in the Mid-16th Century’]
Borsari
,
Silvano
.
1998
.
“
Ricchi e poveri nelle communità ebraiche di Candia e Negroponte (secc. XIII–XIV)
”
. In
Πλoυ´σιoι και ϕτωχoί στην κoινωνία της ϵλληνoλατινικής Aνατoλής. Διϵθνές Συμπόσιo, [‘Rich and Poor in the Society of Greek-Latin East. Symposium International’].
,
Edited by:
Maltezou
,
Chryssa A.
211
–
22
.
Venice
:
Hellenic Institute of Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Studies in Venice
.
Manoussakas, Manoussos. H ϵν Kρήτη συνωμoσία τoυ Σήϕη Bλαστoυ´ (1453–1454) και η νέα συνωμoτική κίνησις τoυ 1460–1462 [The Conspiracy of Sifis Vlastos (1453–1454) in Crete and the New Conspiratory Movement of 1460–1462]. Athens: University of Athens, 1960
Jacoby
,
David
.
1972
.
Un agent juif au service de Venise: David Mavrogonato de Candie
.
Thesaurismata
,
9
:
68
–
96
.
Reprint, Recherches sur la Méditerranée orientale du XIIe au XVe siècle. Peuples, sociétés, économies. London: Variorum Reprints, 1979, XI
Manoussakas
,
Manoussas
.
1987
.
Le recueil de privilèges de la famille juive Mavrogonato de Crète (1461–1642)
.
Byzantinische Forschungent
,
12
:
345
–
366
.
Byzance – Italie. Mélanges réunis en l'honneur de M. Freddy Thiriet
Starr
,
Joshua
.
1942
.
Jewish Life in Crete under the Rule of Venice
.
American Academy for Jewish Research, Proceedings
,
12
:
59
–
114
.
Jacoby
,
David
.
2010
.
“
Jews and Christians in Venetian Crete: Segregation, Interaction, and Conflict
”
. In
‘Interstizi’: Culture ebraico-cristiane a Venezia e nei suoi domini dal Medioevo all'Età Moderna
,
Edited by:
Israel
,
Uwe
,
Jütte
,
Robert
and
Mueller
,
Reinhold C.
243
–
79
.
Rome
:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura
.
Arbel
,
Benjamin
.
2010
.
“
Jews and Christians in Sixteenth-Century Crete: Between Segregation and Integration
”
. In
‘Interstizi’: Culture ebraico-cristiane a Venezia e nei suoi domini dal medioevo all'età moderna
,
Edited by:
Israel
,
Uwe
,
Jütte
,
Robert
and
Mueller
,
Reinhold C.
281
–
94
.
Rome
:
Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura
.