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Notes
[1] Murray, The World's Game.
[2] On the rise of the Olympic branch of this conglomerate see Barney, Wenn, and Martyn. The International Olympic Committee and the Rise of Olympic Commercialism. On the influence of the US in shaping the Olympic ‘brand’ see Dyreson ‘Crafting Patriotism–Meditations on “Californication” and other Trends’, 307–11; Dyreson, ‘Johnny Weissmuller and the Old Global Capitalism’, Dyreson, ‘Marketing Weissmuller to the World: Hollywood's Olympics and Federal Schemes for Americanization through Sport’, 284–306.
[3] Dyreson, ‘Globalizing the Nation-Making Process', 91–106.
[4] Mangan, Prologue, Guarantees of Global Goodwill: Post-Olympic Legacies – Too Many Limping White Elephants?
[5] Girginov and Hills, ‘A Sustainable Sports Legacy’, 1945–70; Macrury and Poynter, ‘The Regeneration Games’ 2060–78.
[6] Olympic scholar and bid expert Jean-Loup Chappelet predicts that the IOC, very much aware of the power of legacy, will increasingly move toward progressive environmental and economic programs in order to garner broad public support for their Olympic designs. Chappelet, ‘Olympic Environmental Concerns as a Legacy of the Winter Games’, 1898–916; Chappelet, The International Olympic Committee and the Olympic System.
[7] The IOC currently includes 205 ‘nations’. http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/noc/, accessed 12 September 2008. The United Nations currently recognizes 192 member ‘states’. http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml, accessed 12 September 2008.
[8] For controversial, muckraking exposés of the Olympics see Simson and Jennings, The Lords of the Rings; Jennings and Sambrook, The Great Olympic Swindle. On linkages between the IOC and the right-wing political ideologies see Hoberman, ‘Toward a Theory of Olympic Internationalism’, 1–37; and Hoberman, ‘The Olympics’, 22–8.
[9] Beamish and Ritchie. Fastest, Highest, Strongest; Pound, Inside Dope; Wilson and Derse, Doping in Elite Sport; Hoberman, Mortal Engines; Hoberman, Testosterone Dreams.
[10] De Moragas, Kennett, and Puig, eds. The Legacy of the Olympic Games.
[11] MacAloon, ‘Legacy’ as Managerial/Magical Discourse in Contemporary Olympic Affairs', 2029–40.
[12] Brinton, The Shaping of Modern Thought; Louden, The World We Want.
[13] MacAloon, ‘Special Issue: This Great Symbol’, 331–686. Young, The Modern Olympics.
[14] Allwood, The Great Exhibitions; Greenhalgh, Ephemeral Vistas; Rydell, Findling, and Pelle, Fair America; Rydell, All the World's a Fair; Rydell, World of Fairs. On the linkages between fairs and the Olympics see Roche, Mega-Events and Modernity and Gold, Cities of Culture.
[15] MacAloon, This Great Symbol.
[16] Dyreson, Making the American Team, 53–153; Roche, Mega-Events and Modernity, 88–90.
[17] Belgian Olympic Committee to U.S. State Department, Memorandum on the Program for the VIIth Olympiad, State Department Records Division, Record Group 59, Foreign Relations Microfilm Files, National Archives and Records Administration II, College Park, Maryland, USA. The similarity of the festivals to the organizational scheme for a world's fair owed in part to the fact that the same group of civic leaders who staged the fetes had before the war been planning to stage a world's fair in Antwerp. War damage prevented their larger scheme from becoming a reality but they used some of the fair design for the Olympic project. Renson, The Games Reborn, 81.
[18] Collins, ‘Special Issue: The Missing Olympics', 955–1148; Constable, The XI, XII, and XIII Olympiads, 108–11.
[19] Dyreson, ‘The “Physical Value” of Races', 114–40; Rydell, All the World's a Fair.
[20] Rydell, Findling, and Pelle, Fair America; Rydell, All the World's a Fair.
[21] Guttmann, Games and Empires, 120–40; Guttmann, Sports.
[22] The US-based NBC television network provides an online listing of this ‘historic’ medal count. Their tabulations begin in 1896, assigning gold, silver, and bronze to the first, second, and third place finishers in events even though the actual assigning of medals did not begin until the 1904 Olympics. <http://www.nbcolympics.com/medals/alltime/index.html>, accessed 10 September 2008.
[23] <http://www.nbcolympics.com/medals/2008standings/index.html>, accessed 10 September 2008.
[24] Mangan and Jinxia, ‘Special Issue: Preparing for Glory’, 751–951.
[25] Guoqui, Olympic Dreams, 3.
[26] Keys, Globalizing Sport.
[27] Dyreson, ‘Globalizing the Nation-Making Process', 91–106. For a very interesting contemporary critique of the proposition that adopting Western sports requires the adoption of Western standards of nationhood see Susan Brownell's fascinating Beijing's Games. For an equally interesting critique rooted in the more distant past, see Andrew Morris, Marrow of the Nation. Brownell, ‘Challenged America', 1173–93.
[28] Bridges, ‘The Seoul Olympics: Economic Miracle Meets the World’. See also, Ok, The Transformation of Modern Korean Sport.
[29] Zelinsky, Nation Into State, 85–9.
[30] Benedict, The Anthropology of World's Fairs, 60.
[31] Dyreson, ‘“To Construct a Better and More Peaceful World” or “War Minus the Shooting”?’, 337–51.
[32] Rydell, World of Fairs, 213–6; Rydell, Findling, and Pelle, Fair America, 131–40; Roche, Mega-Events and Modernity, 159–61.
[33] James, Beyond a Boundary, 195–211.
[34] Dyreson, ‘“To Construct a Better and More Peaceful World” or “War Minus the Shooting”?’, 337–51.
[35] Barney, Wenn, and Martyn, Selling the Five Rings, xii.
[36] Hoberman, ‘The Olympics’, 28.
[37] On the influence of Disney in American culture see Watts, The Magic Kingdom.
[38] Hoberman, ‘The Olympics’, 22.
[39] Ibid., 22–8.
[40] Dyreson, ‘Prolegomena to Jesse Owens’, 224–46; Dyreson, ‘American Ideas About Race and Olympic Races in the Era of Jesse Owens’: 247–67; Bass, Not the Triumph But the Struggle; Hartmann, Race, Culture and the Revolt of the Black Athlete.
[41] Farred, Phantom Calls, 87–8.
[42] Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. For a history of American readings of this clash through the Olympics see Dyreson, Crafting Patriotism for Global Domination.