Platelet toll-like receptors are crucial sensors of infectious danger moieties

Abstract

In addition to their haemostatic role and function in the repair of damaged vascular epithelium, platelets play a defensive role in innate immunity, having the capacity to produce and secrete various anti-infectious factors, as well as cytokines, chemokines and related products, to interact with other immune cells to modulate immune responses to pathogens. Thus, it is now widely acknowledged that platelets participate in inflammatory processes and infection resolution, most notably by expressing and using receptors to bind infectious pathogen moieties and contributing to pathogen clearance. The ability of platelets to sense external danger signals relates to the expression of certain innate immunity receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the activation of efficient cell signalling machinery. TLR engagement triggers platelet response, which results in adapted degranulation according to: the type of TLR engaged, the nature of the ligand and the milieu; together, the TLR-mediated event and other signalling events may be followed by aggregation. Platelets thus use complex tools to mediate a whole range of functions upon sensing danger. By linking the inflammatory and haemostatic platelet response to infection, TLRs play a central role. The extent of the inflammatory response to pathogen clearance is still a debatable issue and is discussed in this short review.

Keywords:

• Haemostasis
• infection
• inflammation
• platelet
• toll-like receptor

Acknowledgements

This paper is dedicated to the memory of our dear colleague and precious friend, Dr Archibald (Archie) McNicol, who has passed away.

Declaration of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the French “Agence Nationale de la Recherche” (ANR-12-JSV1-0012-01), EFS Auvergne Rhône-Alpes (APR-2017) and the “Les Amis de Rémi” association (Don-2017).