Abstract
This paper analyses the development of biotechnology clusters in North Carolina (NC) and Israel. In both NC and Israel, when the biotechnology was identified as a potential strategic priority, the framework conditions were suitable for successful policy-targeting. NC presents a case of a successful transition from a traditional manufacturing economy to a knowledge economy. The most successful part of this transition was a policy-led development of a biotechnology cluster in the Research Triangle. While Israel also presents a case of a successful transition from a low-tech economy to a knowledge-intensive economy, Israel failed to develop a successful biotechnology cluster. We suggest that this failure is mostly due to a failure to implement policy to encourage such development. We argue that the elements, which separate NC's success from Israel's failure, are: a clear vision and strategic planning; timely response, long-term commitment; strong leadership; cooperation between the government, private sector and academia, and an adjustable policy-making process.
Acknowledgements
This paper is written within the framework of TARGET, a research project supported by the European Union 7th Framework Programme.
Notes
The main written sources included: Katzir Committee report (Katzir 1988), Israel National Committee for Biotechnology report (Katzir and Herzberg 1992), Haim Aviv's reports (Citation1998, 2007), Monitor report (2001), Ministry of Science report (Meser-Yaron 2001), Milken Institute report (Glen 2008), GlenRock report (2007), and other non-formal reports and articles.
We used multiple data resources such as USPTO database, the NC's TREE database (see Avnimelech and Feldman Citation2010), IVC-online, NCBC database and CBS Israel data.