Disparities in mother-to-child transmission in Northeast Brazil: regional failures within successful country programs

Abstract

Perinatal HIV prevention has been successful in developing countries but disparities in success between rich countries and poor countries have also been observed. Access to prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) remains a challenge in many developing countries. In 2007, the Ministry of Health launched the Plan to Reduce the Vertical Transmission of HIV and Syphilis in Brazil to address this need. A cross-sectional study of children living in families affected by HIV was conducted in Ceará State, Northeast Brazil between June 2008 and January 2009 to explore socioeconomic effects of HIV status. Proportion of children with an HIV-positive test was calculated and stratified by age to estimate the impact of PMTCT programs. Chi-square test was employed to compare those proportions. Stata™10.0 software was used for the calculation. We interviewed 437 adults who were visiting the hospital for a consultation or to pickup medication who also had a child less than 13 years of age living with them. They also provided information about other household members (n=1789). Our study showed that children infected with HIV or who live in a household with one or both parents infected with HIV or dead from AIDS live in families of low social class and educational achievement. Seroprevalence is not lower in the cohort of those children 0–2 as compared to 3–4 and 5–12 years of age. Even in Brazil, with its successful PMTCT program overall, there are great disparities among sites. Data from the sites reported here are equivalent to many poor areas in sub-Saharan Africa. This argues that global concern for targeting areas most affected by the epidemic must consider areas within some of the most prosperous countries in the world.

Keywords:

• PMTCT
• HIV
• perinatal
• pediatric AIDS
• Brazil
• disparities