Change as little as possible: creativity in design by modification

Abstract

While design research has concentrated on creativity in the early phases of design and on creativity in very open-ended design tasks, in practice many design projects concern the modification or incremental development of existing systems to meet new needs and restrictions. Some projects adopt a process of defining, prioritising and propagating requirements and constraints that bypasses conceptual design as it is conventionally understood. However, incremental development requires creative design to deal with multiple conflicting requirements, both in early design and in solving later local problems: the challenge lies in finding a satisfactory solution while avoiding a cascade of changes to the rest of the system. This paper draws on two case studies, one of the design of a new generation of diesel engines and one of the refurbishment of a hospital ward, to argue that in these domains creativity is required to find designs that change as little as possible and meet the given requirements with minimal effort.

Keywords:

• creativity
• constraints
• empirical studies
• design processes
• engineering change
• refurbishment

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank our case study participants for the time and insights they gave us. We are grateful for the EPSRC grant EP/G061327/1 for Design and Delivery of Robust Hospital Environments in a Changing Climate, the George and Lillian Schiff Studentship and the EPSRC grant EP/E001777/1 to the Cambridge Engineering Design Centre.

Notes

Department of Health. The ProCure21+ Guide Achieving Excellence in NHS Construction, p. 652010.

The Countryside Act (1981) as amended by European Directive 2009/147/EC 2009.