https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5285-7215
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ABSTRACT
In the current paper we analyse the relationship between territory and culture through the symbolic orientation of the territory. Cultural scenes focus on understanding the opportunities for cultural consumption that exist in cities, and the lifestyles that can be experienced in them, giving them meaning and making the territory recognizable. This work aims to validate both the conceptual and methodological approach to cultural scenes through their application to the Spanish case, as well as how to apply this perspective empirically. The main result validates a scale that measures the orientation from the conventional (communitarian) to the non-conventional (innovative) in the cultural landscape of Spain. This result allows the beginning of a recognizable, systematic and comparable process to measure the opportunities for cultural consumption in a territory, and the impact on lifestyles.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the two anonymous reviews for their feedback and suggestions for improvements.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 At the European level “Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community” (NACE), in North America the “North American Industry Classification System” (NAICS) for our purpose here, at the Spanish level the “National Classification of Economic Activities” (CNAE).
2 As defined by Silver et al. (Citation2010) on the bohemian scene:
a scene is more Bohemian if it exhibits resistance to traditional legitimacy, affirms individual self-expression, eschews utilitarianism, values charisma, promotes a form of elitism (Baudelaire’s “aristocracy of dandies”), encourages members to keep their distance, promotes transforming oneself into an exhibition, values fighting the mainstream affirms attending to the local (Balzac’s intense interest in Parisian neighborhoods), promotes ethnicity as a source of authenticity (cf., Lloyd, Citation2006, p. 76), attacks the distant, abstract state, discourages corporate culture and attacks the authenticity of reason (Rimbaud’s “systematic derangement of all the senses”).
3 It is a question of applying the criteria of construct validity, discriminant validity and descriptive validity (Webber, Citation1990) in two different temporal moments to control a greater variability in the territory.
4 The categories included can be found in the supplementary material (Table S1).
5 Descriptive statistics can be found in the supplementary material (Table S2).
6 The results of the principal component analysis are presented according to criteria of eigenvalues, explained variance (higher than 82% in both cases), and according to the interpretability of the factors, as suggested by Hair et al. (Citation2009).
7 The second principal component in 2001 and the third principal component in 2011.
8 The third principal component in 2001 corresponds to the fourth principal component in 2011.
9 The fourth principal component in 2001 corresponds to the second principal component in 2011.
10 The Cronbach´s alpha result can be found in the supplementary material (Table S3).
11 These are dimensions that might show some ambivalence, which are not clearly shown in the community or innovative character of the proposed scale. A possible explanation could be related to the use of the CNAE-93. This has a greater degree of systematization, and international comparability is achieved but does not make it possible to distinguish certain nuances in the different types of commercial activity.
12 Correlation (Spearman’s rho) 0.07 in 2001 and 0.09 in 2011.
13 The occupational categories included in the bohemian group for 2001 can be found in Mateos and Navarro (Citation2014). The categories of economic activities included as opportunities for cultural consumption can be found in Hansen (Citation2007).