Determination of toxicity and radioprotective properties of bacterial and fungal eumelanin pigments

Abstract

Purpose

Determination of the protective property of melanin, an organic polymer class consisting of phenolic and/or indolic compounds isolated from bacteria and fungi, against fast neutron radiation. To show that these melanin samples, which also have antioxidant and metal chelating properties, can be used as an active ingredient for a drug to be developed against neutrons used in nuclear research and medicine.

Materials and methods

Bacterial and fungal media were prepared, and melanin pigments were produced and isolated. For molecular characterization of pigments, bacterial genomic DNA extraction, 16S rDNA gene amplification processes, and fungal genomic DNA extraction, ITS1, and ITS4 Gene Regions amplification were performed. The DEL assay was implemented to determine the genotoxicity properties of bacterial and fungal melanin pigments. Samples were prepared in a pad measuring 10 ml volume (60 × 15 mm) at a concentration of 0.2–1 microgram in 1% agarose gel for radiation-absorbed dose measurements. Absorption measurements were made using ²⁴¹Am-Be fast neutron source and Canberra brand NP series BF₃ gaseous detector to determine the neutron radiation absorption capacity of all samples. The results obtained to determine the absorption degrees of melanin samples were compared with paraffin and normal concrete, which are widely used in neutron radiation shielding studies.

Results

Melanin pigments were obtained using different bacteria and fungi strains. Afterwards, the fast neutron radiation absorption capacity of these purified pigments were determined. Compared to reference samples, these pigments were found to have slightly lower radiation absorbing ability. In addition to these experiments, cytotoxicity tests were carried out using the Yeast DEL assay technique to evaluate the potential for use of these organic pigments in fields such as medicine and pharmacology. According to the results obtained from the tests, it was determined that these melanin samples did not have any toxic effects.

Conclusion

It was determined that these melanin samples have the potential to be used as a radioprotective drug active substance to protect the tissues and cells of people exposed to neutron radiation after a nuclear accident or nuclear war.

Giving a drug that will be developed by using these active ingredients before or after people are exposed to a radiation environment can provide great benefits.

Keywords:

• Melanin
• neutron shielding
• radiation shielding
• yeast DEL assay

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.

Notes on contributors

Sinan Bayram

Sinan Bayram, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Services, Bayburt University, Bayburt, Turkey.

Bünyamin Aygün

Bünyamin Aygün, PhD, is an Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Automation, Vocational School, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey.

Mehmet Karadayi

Mehmet Karadayı, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.

Burak Alaylar

Burak Alaylar, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey.

Medine Güllüce

Medine Güllüce, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.

Abdulhalik Karabulut

Abdulhalik Karabulut, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey.