Use of two formulations and two application techniques to deliver Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for the control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae and adults in poultry houses

Abstract

A field study was carried out for 6 wks to assess, from both an efficiency and economic perspective, the effect of individual and integrated success of feeding and topical applications of two formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) in controlling house fly (Musca domestica L.) larvae and adults in poultry houses. There was no significant difference between the 1 g and 2 g L⁻¹ spray applications of Bti. In the absence of spray applications, no significant differences in larval mortalities were observed between the 250 mg and 500 mg kg⁻¹ feed applications. The percentage mortality of larvae accomplished as a result of using a combination of 250 mg kg⁻¹Bti feed and 2 g L⁻¹ spray applications was equivalent to that obtained as a result of combining 500 mg kg⁻¹Bti and 1g L⁻¹ spray applications. Treatment with Bti caused significant reductions in the emergence (up to 74%) of house fly adults compared to the control. The fact that the emergence of adult house flies was affected by Bti treatments implies that Bti has sublethal effects on house fly larvae. The cost–benefit analysis (expressed in terms of mortality of larvae growing) indicated that the most effective combination for house fly larvae and adult house fly emergence control was the 500 mg kg⁻¹ of feed and 2 g L⁻¹ spray application combination that resulted in 67% larval mortality and a 74% decrease in adult house fly emergence. This study presents commercial users with various alternatives for possible combinations of the two Bti formulations.

Keywords:

• Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis
• application methods
• Musca domestica
• biological control

Acknowledgement

We are grateful to Third World Organization of Women in Science (TWOWS) for financial support.