![Sample our Politics & International Relations journals, sign in here to start your FREE access for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5947/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Politics-International-Relations.jpg"})
Abstract
Narcotics and the drug trade contribute to a range of social ills. Among these are social instability, violence, corruption, and a weakening of the state. A range of criminal enterprises, including transnational gangs and drug cartels are engaged in the global trade in illicit drugs. This essay looks at measures to stem this trade through interventions directed against the drug supply and efforts to limit the violence that results from the drug trade. As such it looks at ‘counter-supply’ and ‘counter-violence’ approaches. While it emphasizes the impact on the Western Hemisphere – the United States and Latin America – it has international implications for global and national security, intelligence, and law enforcement.
Notes
1. This amount is in the upper range of illicit narcotic industry estimates. See Caulkins et al, How goes the ‘War on Drugs’?, 1.
2. This amount is in the upper range of illicit narcotic industry estimates. See Caulkins et al, How goes the ‘War on Drugs’?
3. CitationMaertens and de Andrés, ‘David against Goliath’, 1.
4. CitationMaertens and de Andrés, ‘David against Goliath’, 2.
5. CitationMaertens and de Andrés, ‘David against Goliath’
6. CitationMaertens and de Andrés, ‘David against Goliath’
7. CitationUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), The Threat of Narco-Trafficking in the Americas.
8. CitationUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), The Threat of Narco-Trafficking in the Americas, 4.
9. CitationBriscoe, ‘Trouble on the borders’, 5.
10. CitationBriscoe, ‘Trouble on the borders’, 6.
11. CitationBriscoe, ‘Trouble on the borders’
12. CitationAlthaus, ‘Gang killings in Mexico top 5,000 for the year’.
13. CitationLlorca and Bajak. ‘AP IMPACT’.
14. CitationHawley, ‘Bold new cartels emerging in Mexico’.
15. CitationLogan and Sullivan. ‘Mexico's “Divine Justice”’.
16. See CitationSullivan and Elkus, ‘State of Siege’ and ‘Plazas for Profit’.
17. CitationSullivan and Elkus. ‘Mexican Crime Families’.
18. CitationSullivan and Elkus. ‘Mexican Crime Families’
19. CitationSullivan and Elkus. ‘Mexican Crime Families’
20. CitationInternational Crisis Group. Latin American Drugs I: Losing the Fight.
21. CitationInternational Crisis Group. Latin American Drugs I: Losing the Fight, Executive Summary.
22. CitationInternational Crisis Group. Latin American Drugs I: Losing the Fight
23. Reuter et al. Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 1998–2007, xi.
24. Reuter et al. Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 1998–2007, xii.
25. Reuter et al. Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 1998–2007
26. Reuter et al. Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 1998–2007, 5.
27. Reuter et al. Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 1998–2007
28. Reuter et al. Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 1998–2007
29. Reuter et al. Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 1998–2007, 30.
30. Reuter et al. Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 1998–2007, 32.
31. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II, 1.
32. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,
33. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,, 2.
34. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,, 2–3.
35. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,, 9.
36. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,
37. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,, 11.
38. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,, 16–18.
39. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,, 19–21.
40. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,, 28.
41. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,, 35–6.
42. CitationInternational Crisis Group . Latin American Drugs II,, 37–8.
43. CitationReuter et al., Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 46–8.
44. CitationReuter et al., Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 47.
45. CitationReuter et al., Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems
46. CitationReuter et al., Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 51.
47. CitationReuter et al., Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems
48. CitationReuter et al., Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 52.
49. CitationReuter et al., Assessing Changes in Global Drug Problems, 48.
50. CitationFelbab-Brown, ‘Drugs and Conflict’.
51. CitationFelbab-Brown, ‘Drugs and Conflict’
52. CitationCaulkins et al., How goes the ‘War on Drugs’?, 7.
53. CitationCaulkins et al., How goes the ‘War on Drugs’?, 19.
54. CitationCaulkins et al., How goes the ‘War on Drugs’?, 20–1.
55. Examples of such efforts in the US are employment of California's Street Terrorism Enforcement and Prevention Act/California Penal Code § 186.22 and Federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act/Title 18, Chapter 96 prosecutions.
56. For additional information on gang injunctions in Los Angeles, see the Los Angeles City Attorney's website at http://www.lacity.org/atty/.
57. CitationGrogger, ‘The Effects of Civil Gangs Injunctions’.
58. See http://www.homeboy-industries.org/ for information on this valuable program.
59. The Mexican government has deployed some 50,000 soldiers across the country to confront the cartels, whose fierce drug wars have claimed over 14,000 lives since 2006. See CitationSullivan and Elkus, ‘State of Siege’ and Citation‘Plazas for Profit’.
60. CitationSullivan, ‘Criminal Netwarriors in Mexico's Drug Wars’.
61. See Logan and Sullivan, ‘Mexico's “Divine Justice”’.
62. See CitationLogan and Sullivan, ‘Costa Rica, Panama in the Crossfire’; and CitationCockayne and Williams, ‘The Invisible Tide’.
63. CitationManwaring, A ‘New’ Dynamic, 1.
64. Sullivan and Weston, ‘Afterword: Law Enforcement Response Strategies for Criminal-states’, 616.
65. CitationBriscoe, ‘Lockdown in Vienna’.
66. CitationSullivan and Weston, ‘Afterword: Law Enforcement Response Strategies for Criminal-states’, 620.
67. Sullivan and Wirtz, ‘Global Metropolitan Policing’.
68. See CitationSullivan and Wirtz, ‘Global Metropolitan Policing’; and CitationSullivan, ‘Forging Improved Government Agency Cooperation to Combat Violence’.