Insurgency, counter-insurgency, and the military and security dimensions of South African racial segregation

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Notes

1. See for instance Paret, “The New Military History”; Morillo, What Is Military History, esp. 39–44.

2. Walker, The Frontier Tradition; McCrone, Race Attitudes in South Africa; Rich, Hope and Despair.

3. Lamar and Thompson, The Frontier in History.

4. For the US context see especially Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialisation.

5. du Pisani, ‘Vredeskoppie and the Afrikaner Nationalist myth of Benevolent Paternalism’..

6. One of the inherent weaknesses of social history, as pointed out by Himmelfarb, The New History and the Old, 18.

7. See especially Marks and Trapido, “Lord Milner and the South African State”.

8. See for instance Posel, The Making of Apartheid, 1948–1991 and Rich, State Power and Black Politics in South Africa.

9. For a useful survey of this literature see Porter, War and the Rise of the State.

10. See for instance Nanapoulos et al, Capitalist States and Marxist State Theory: Enduring Debates, New Perspectives. .

11. Nasson, The Boer War, 302.

12. Ross et al, The Cambridge History of South Africa, Volume 2 (hereafter known as CHSA).

13. Marks, “War and Union, 1899–1910” in Ross et al, CHSA, 158–159.

14. This was well exemplified in the pragmatic and adroit way the Transvaal Republic dealt with the 1896 Jameson Raid. See Van Onselen, The Cowboy Capitalist. British anti Boer propaganda during the war on occasions descended to levels of crude racism in which the Boers’ ‘savage treatment of women’ recalled the horrors of the Indian ‘Mutiny’ of 1857. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 156.

15. Darwin, The Empire Project, 223.

16. Hyslop, “The Invention of the Concentration Camp: Cuba, Southern Africa and the Philippines, 1896–1907”; Nasson, The Boer War, 289–290; Khalili, Time in the Shadows, esp. chapter 6.

17. Merom, How Democracies Lose Small Wars, 40.

18. An idea suggested for instance in Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse.

19. Beckett, Modern Insurgencies and Counter Insurgencies, 42; Snyder, Bloodlands.

20. Darwin, The Empire Project, 221.

21. Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, 25. See also Friedberg, The Weary Titan, 232–234.

22. See especially Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency.

23. Guelke, Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid, 70.

24. Smuts, Africa and Some World Problems, 64–65.

25. For details see Torrance, The Strange Death of the Liberal Empire.

26. Van der Waag, “South African Defence in the Age of Total War, 1900–1940”, 133.

27. Grundy, The Militarisation of South African Politics.

28. Dubow, “South Africa and South Africans: Nationality, Belonging, Citizenship”. 48.

29. Cell The Highest Stage of White Supremcy.

30. Hyam, The Failure of South African Expansion.

31. See also Bonner, “South African History and Culture, 1910–1948”, 275.

32. Ranger, ‘Connexions between “Primary Resistance” Movement and Modern Mass Nationalism in East and Central Africa’.

33. Colville, The Fringes of Power, 200–201.