Evaluation of sulfamethazine removal kinetics using fixed structured bed bioreactor

ABSTRACT

The use of anaerobic biomass attached to a support has been recently presented as a good prospect in the treatment of wastewater containing recalcitrant compounds, such as sulfamethazine (SMZ). SMZ has been found in swine wastewater and sewage treatment plants, which motivates assessing their degradation by new wastewater treatment technologies. Thus, this paper describes the use of a continuous fixed structured bed bioreactor for the purpose of evaluating SMZ removal kinetics present in lab-made wastewater. The analysis of SMZ used online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (SPE online-LC-MS/MS). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was also monitored to evaluate the organic matter removal. The bioreactor was operated under mesophilic conditions (30${}^{\circ }$C), with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h. In order to evaluate SMZ removal, four different concentration levels were studied: 200, 400, 600, and 800 ng L⁻¹. COD removal efficiency obtained for filtered effluent kept at 91.01% and there was no interference due to the increase of SMZ concentration. For SMZ, the removal efficiencies were of $52.8\pm 12.1\mathrm{\%}$ for 200 ng L⁻¹ concentration level; $55.0\pm 8.15\mathrm{\%}$ for 400 ng L⁻¹; $53.0\pm 6.14\mathrm{\%}$ for 600 ng L⁻¹, and $48.8\pm 5.44\mathrm{\%}$ for 800 ng L⁻¹. COD removal kinetics presented a first-order apparent removal rate constant ($k^{\mathrm{app}}$) of $0.281\pm 0.0295$ h⁻¹. SMZ also showed a first-order apparent removal rate constant of $0.158\pm 0.0093$ h⁻¹ for the following concentrations levels: 200, 400, 600, and 800 ng L⁻¹.

KEYWORDS:

• Bioreactor
• wastewater
• sulfamethazine
• LC-MS/MS
• removal kinetic

Disclosure statement

There is no conflict of interest by the authors.

ORCID

Guilherme Flandoli Romeiro http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-8514

Cristiane Arruda Oliveira http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0305-4050

Inês N. Tomita http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9587-6766

Alvaro Santos-Neto http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-8458

Marcelo Zaiat http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-9093

Paulo Clairmont F. Lima Gomes http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4837-6352

Additional information

Funding

Guilherme F. Romeiro thanks Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo scholarship N${}^{\circ }$. 14/10256-5. Paulo C. F. Lima Gomes thanks Fapesp scholarship N${}^{\circ }$. 12/07153-4. Also, Marcelo Zaiat thanks Fapesp process N${}^{\circ }$. 09/15984-0 and 09/53850-6 for the research grant and Paulo C. F. Lima Gomes thanks Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico process N${}^{\circ }$. 475756/2013-4 for the research grant.