Multivariate optimization approach applied to natural polymers from Ceratonia siliqua L. and Moringa oleifera Lam as coagulating/flocculating agents

ABSTRACT

In this study, a multivariate $2^3$ experimental design was applied to optimize the operational conditions (seed mass, salt concentration, and pH) to employ Ceratonia siliqua L. (carob) and Moringa oleifera Lam (moringa) as coagulating/flocculating agents for water treatment. Currently, the coagulation stage in water treatment uses aluminium compounds, due to the characteristic reaction to natural alkalinity in raw water, and for its low market value. Considering that aluminium effects on human health are not sufficiently studied to acknowledge its toxicity, and its significant environmental impacts, it is suitable for the studies to search for alternatives to be employed in the water treatment that will be distributed to human consumption. This study was carried out with raw water of high turbidity level, 83.7 NTU. The raw water collected was also characterized according to pH, colour, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), and Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM), with values of 6.7, 178 NTU, 6.80, 2.45 and 138.58 mg/L, respectively. The optimized results showed that with 2 g of seed, 0.5 mol ${\mathrm{L}}^{-1}$ of NaCl, and pH 11.0 In these conditions, moringa coagulant reached 90%, 86%, 6%, 67%, and 81% for turbidity, colour, DOC, TOC, and DOM removal, respectively, whereas the carob coagulant achieved 85%, 76%, 5%, 55.6%, 66.7%, respectively for the same parameters’ removal. Both coagulants presented lower sludge formation, 1.1 mL L⁻¹ for moringa coagulant, and 1.1 mL L⁻¹ for carob coagulant. The results could be considered promises, and natural polymers carob and moringa can be suggested as alternatives agents in coagulation/flocculation stages for water treatment.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Experimental design
• coagulation
• water treatment
• carob
• moringa

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in ROCA (Repositório de Outras Coleções Abertas) at http://repositorio.roca.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/5134, reference number 5134.

Additional information

Funding

The authors thank Fundação Araucária [process 033/2019] for the financial support.