TD: The case of Diogenes Syndrome—deficit or denial?

ABSTRACT

Diogenes Syndrome (DS) is characterised by extreme self-neglect, domestic squalor, hoarding, social withdrawal, and lack of concern and shame for the individual’s residential situation. This paper describes TD who was unable to identify emotional expressions of disgust and was borderline-impaired for facial recognition associated with perceptual difficulties. Problems interpreting expressions of disgust were interesting as TD was living in squalor, neglecting himself, and lacked concern for his circumstances. This led us to question whether the basis of his difficulties were neuropsychological or psychological in nature, which became the objective of this study, with a focus on shame and disgust. TD completed neuropsychological and psychological assessments alongside an experimental task investigating processing of disgust and his living situation. Results highlighted executive dysfunction but understanding of living with the consequences of squalor was spared as was emotion based decision-making. Assessment indicated difficulties with olfactory processing and aspects of interoceptive awareness. TD showed poor awareness of his living conditions and a lack of shame. Disgust sensitivity was unimpaired. It is unclear if TD’s difficulties were caused by psychological or neuropsychological impairments, although both likely play a part. Further research is required to understand processes underpinning DS, particularly disgust and shame.

KEYWORDS:

• Diogenes Syndrome
• Disgust
• Shame
• Psychological
• Neuropsychological
• Deficits

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.