Virtual reality-based cognitive training for drug abusers: A randomised controlled trial

ABSTRACT

Non-pharmacological means are being developed to enhance cognitive abilities in drug abusers. This study evaluated virtual reality (VR) as an intervention tool for enhancing cognitive and vocational outcomes in 90 young ketamine users (KU) randomly assigned to a treatment group (virtual reality group, VRG; tutor-administered group, TAG) or wait-listed control group (CG). Two training programmes with similar content but different delivery modes (VR-based and manual-based) were applied using a virtual boutique as a training scenario. Outcome assessments comprised the Digit Vigilance Test, Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test, Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test, work-site test and self-efficacy pre- and post-test and during 3- and 6-month follow-ups. The VRG exhibited significant improvements in attention and improvements in memory that were maintained after 3 months. Both the VRG and TAG exhibited significantly improved vocational skills after training which were maintained during follow-up, and improved self-efficacy. VR-based cognitive training might target cognitive problems in KU.

KEYWORDS:

• Ketamine
• Cognitive enhancement
• Rehabilitation
• Virtual reality
• Work

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the staff members and study participants from the participating organisations for providing staunch support of this research project. Several research personnel, namely Miss Naomi Chan, Mr Jay Li, Miss K. Y. Mok, Mr L. F. Ng and Miss Y. K. Yeung, provided great support to the data collection and participant training efforts.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by the Beat Drugs Fund Association, Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (BDF120021) and the Research Grant Council (RGC) -General Research Fund (GRF) (#562113).