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Original Articles

Simulation of the evolution of the Chinese building and infrastructure stock

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Pages 1-19 | Published online: 10 Dec 2007
 

Abstract

During China's rapid urbanization and modernization process, the energy and mass flows as well as the related environmental impacts of the Chinese building and infrastructure stocks deserve attention due to the high volume of construction activity, the possibly short lifespan of the new constructions, and the increasing need for energy and construction materials, which have already led to severe environmental impacts. The objective of this study is to model the energy and material input and output through the construction and operation activities in the reference year (2005) to estimate future development during the ongoing urbanization process (until 2050) under present conditions (Trend scenario) and to formulate alternative scenarios with reduced resource consumption and environmental impacts. An integrated life cycle assessment (LCA) model is proposed by taking into account the material and energy flows and the related environmental impacts through a combined bottom-up and top-down approach. The historical evolution from 1978 to 2005 is analysed as a basis for the forecasting projections. The different age classes of the stock are modelled as cohorts classified by use and by type (urban/rural). The transitions of the key parameters follow a logistic function. The results show the possibilities and limitations of alternative long-term developments. The limitations of the model both in structure and input data are discussed.

Alors que la Chine s'urbanise et se modernise rapidement, les flux d'énergie et de masse ainsi que les impacts correspondants sur l'environnement du patrimoine bâti et du stock d'infrastructures méritent notre attention pour les raisons suivantes: activité importante dans la construction, courte vie possible des constructions nouvelles et augmentation des besoins en énergie et matériaux de construction, qui ont déjà des conséquences graves sur l'environnement. L'objectif de cette étude est de modéliser les entrées et les sorties d'énergie et de matériaux liées aux activités et aux opérations de construction au cours de l'année de référence (2005) et d'estimer l'évolution durant l'urbanisation actuelle (jusqu'en 2050) dans les conditions actuelles (Scénario des tendances) et d'élaborer des scénarios alternatifs caractérisés par une réduction de la consommation des ressources et de l'impact environnemental. L'auteur propose un modèle d'évaluation intégrée du cycle de vie (LCA) qui tiendrait compte des flux de matériaux et d'énergie et de l'impact correspondant sur l'environnement dans le cadre d'une approche ascendante et descendante. Il étudie l'évolution historique de 1978 à 2005 comme base de projection de prévisions. Les différentes classes d'âge des stocks sont modélisés comme cohortes classées par usage et par type (urbain/rural). Les transitions des paramètres clés suivent une fonction logique. Les résultats indiquent les possibilités et les limites d'autres développements à long terme. Les limites du modèle tant en en ce qui concerne les structures que les données d'entrée sont examinées.

Mots clès: patrimoine bâti, stock d'infrastructures, analyse du cycle de vie, consommation de ressources, durabilité, analyse des tendances, Chine

Acknowledgements

Research was partially funded by a scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Office (DAAD). The Institute of Industrial Building Production, University of Karlsruhe, provided technical support in the simulation methods of the building stock. Dipl. Ing. Christian Aberle helped in part of the programming. Preliminary results were presented at the 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference (SB05) in Tokyo, Japan, in September 2005 (Yang and Kohler, Citation2005). The authors would like to thank the referees for their valuable critical remarks.

Notes

1The annual average is 1.9 billion m2 in the last ten years, over 2 billion m2/year since 2003 (National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC), Citation1996–2006).

2The size of the housing stock is estimated according to the urban and rural populations and the corresponding per capita living space. The urban non-housing stock is derived from the statistical data. Rural non-housing is estimated from the population and the per capita surface indicators in the national rural planning standard (sources: NBSC, Citation1996–2006, Citation1999b).

3Large-scale commercial buildings contributed to about 30% of the overall urban building electricity consumption, whereas their total floor space accounted for only 5% of the urban building stock (Jiang and Yang, Citation2006).

4A physical input/output table for a recent year is not available in China thus far.

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