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Developing occupancy feedback from a prototype to improve housing production

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Pages 549-563 | Published online: 24 Aug 2010
 

Abstract

An occupancy feedback strategy is proposed that takes account of the ‘interactive adaptivity’ that occurs between occupants and their physical home. This relationship is examined for how it affects building performance and resource use. Existing feedback methods are evaluated and several new variants introduced. Design assumptions about the usability of control interfaces were explored in relation to actual occupant behaviour. The evaluation of a single-prototype ‘zero-carbon’ house built as a demonstration and test site with periodic occupancy indicates the significance of understanding occupant behaviour at the design stage and communicating operational issues to occupants at the handover stage. Methods used cover fabric performance, initial information and training given to occupants, energy and water use, window-opening activity, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, functionality, and occupant behaviour. Each contributing method is discussed in terms of its findings, effectiveness, and relationship with other methods in the research design. Lessons are presented for the evaluation of prototype housing in relation to ‘interactive adaptivity’ and include the identification of critical control interfaces and an assessment of their usability. Improved housing performance will benefit from a comprehensive strategy embracing user expectations, perceptions, and interactions with building interfaces, alongside physical monitoring.

Il est proposé une stratégie axée sur le feedback des occupants, prenant en compte «l'adaptabilité interactive» qui intervient entre les occupants et leur logement physique. Cette relation est examinée quant à la manière dont elle affecte les performances de l'immeuble et l'utilisation des ressources. Les méthodes de feedback existantes sont évaluées et plusieurs variantes nouvelles sont introduites. Les hypothèses d’étude concernant l'utilisabilité des interfaces de commande ont été examinées par rapport au comportement réel des occupants. L’évaluation d'un prototype unique de maison «zéro carbone» construite à titre de maison témoin et de site d'essai, avec une occupation périodique, montre qu'il est important de comprendre le comportement des occupants au stade de la conception et de communiquer avec les occupants sur les problèmes d'ordre pratique au stade de la remise du logement. Les méthodes utilisées couvrent les performances des tissus, l'information initiale et la formation données aux occupants, l'utilisation de l’énergie et de l'eau, les habitudes d'ouverture des fenêtres, le confort thermique, la qualité de l'air intérieur, les fonctionnalités et le comportement des occupants. Chaque méthode mise à contribution est discutée sous l'angle des résultats constatés, de son efficacité et de sa relation avec les autres méthodes du plan d’étude. Les enseignements retirés sont présentés pour permettre d’évaluer ce prototype de logement par rapport à «l'adaptabilité interactive» et incluent l'identification des interfaces de commande critiques et une évaluation de leur utilisabilité. L'amélioration des performances des logements sera renforcée par une stratégie d'ensemble englobant les attentes des utilisateurs, leurs perceptions et leurs interactions avec les interfaces des immeubles, parallèlement à un suivi physique.

Mots clés: méthodes d’évaluation des performances des bâtiments, logement, logements bas carbone, feedback des occupants, comportement des occupants, essais de prototype

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledges the funding provided by the Stewart Milne Group and the Energy Saving Trust, UK, which supported the research in this paper; as well as Dr Jez Wingfield, Leeds Metropolitan University, who advised on the co-heating test.

Notes

The European Union Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requires all housing developers to provide an Energy Performance Certificate when buildings are sold or let. All new-build publicly funded housing in England must comply with the Code for Sustainable Homes Level 3, and all new-build housing in England should be ‘zero carbon’ by 2016 (the exact definition of ‘zero-carbon’ housing is subject to consultation by the Department of Communities and Local Government).

PassivHaus principles and standards for dwellings were developed by Dr Wolfgang Feist in Germany and have been certified in over 7000 dwellings to date (see http://www.passivhaus.org.uk/index.jsp?id=668) (accessed on 2 April 2009).

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