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Socio-technical issues in dwelling retrofit

Pages 551-562 | Published online: 12 Jul 2013
 

Abstract

Although a wide range of technical solutions exist to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions, these may not produce the predicted savings if occupants operate the refurbished dwelling in unexpected ways, resulting in a ‘performance gap’. Retrofit can be approached as a set of socio-technical issues. Social practice theory is the dominant approach in socio-technical studies of energy in the home. However, other ways can investigate how people engage with and experience their home environments, including their interaction with energy technologies. This can extend the reach of socio-technical studies to encompass personal experience of reconfigured homes within the broader socio-cultural context. Methodologies from phenomenology and ecological psychology used in architecture and philosophy of technology – principally the concepts of ‘breakdown’ and affordance – can examine occupants' experience of a retrofitted environment. An energy retrofit of an occupied dwelling is used to illustrate how such methods can provide insights into occupants' experience of and responses to refurbishment. It is suggested that householders' energy and comfort concerns emerge and recede alongside other concerns in both time and space as they adjust to their reconfigured home. Changing affordances after retrofit can influence how people use dwelling space in ways that have energy consumption consequences.

Bien qu'un large éventail de solutions techniques existe pour réduire la consommation d'énergie et les émissions de CO2, il se peut que celles-ci n'engendrent pas les économies prévues si les occupants font usage du logement rénové selon des modalités imprévues, ceci entraînant un « écart de performance ». La rénovation peut être envisagée comme un ensemble de problèmes sociotechniques. La théorie de la pratique sociale est l'approche dominante dans les études sociotechniques sur l'énergie dans le logement. Cependant, d'autres méthodes permettent d'étudier la manière dont les gens s'adaptent à leur environnement domestique et le ressentent en pratique, ceci incluant leurs interactions avec les technologies énergétiques. Ceci permet d'étendre la portée des études sociotechniques jusqu'à englober l'expérience personnelle des logements reconfigurés dans le cadre du contexte socioculturel élargi. Les méthodologies issues de la phénoménologie et de la psychologie écologique utilisées en architecture et en philosophie des techniques – principalement les concepts de « rupture » et d'affordance – permettent d'examiner l'expérience d'un environnement rénové vécue par les occupants. La rénovation énergétique d'un logement occupé est utilisée pour illustrer la manière dont de telles méthodes peuvent apporter des enseignements, s'agissant de l'expérience de la réhabilitation que font les occupants et de leurs réactions à celle-ci. Il est suggéré que les préoccupations des occupants en matière d'énergie et de confort apparaissent et s'atténuent au même titre que d'autres préoccupations dans le temps comme dans l'espace au fur et à mesure qu'ils s'adaptent à leur logement reconfiguré. Les changements en termes d'affordances après la rénovation peuvent influer sur la manière dont les gens utilisent l'espace d'habitation selon des modalités qui ont des conséquences en termes de consommation d'énergie.

Mots clés: affordances, bâtiments, demande d'énergie, phénoménologie, rénovation, problèmes sociotechniques

Acknowledgements

The case study presented here was funded under the Technology Strategy Board's (TSB) Retrofit for the Future programme as the Solutions for a Holistic Optimal Retrofit (SHOR) project. Phase 2 of the programme required social monitoring, and it is mainly the conduct and findings from this exercise that are presented here, based on the author's involvement in the Welsh School of Architecture's funded project. The author is indebted to the TSB for its support of the SHOR project, and the author's research collaborators on this project and others within the Welsh School of Architecture. The author is very grateful to the Building Research Establishment (BRE) and the Welsh government for their support for the Centre for Sustainable Design of the Built Environment (SuDoBE). This work would not have been possible without their commitment to the centre.

Notes

The property and its tenants were selected for the retrofit by the Charter Housing Association, which owns and maintains the property. The Technology Strategy Board award covered the cost of the retrofit.

The research team included the principal designer of the retrofit.

One suggestion for future renovations was that everything could be stored on site in a shed at the bottom of the garden.

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