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Articles

The persisting challenge of age-for-grade non-compliance in post-free primary education in Kenya

Pages 832-842 | Received 03 Apr 2013, Accepted 13 May 2015, Published online: 12 Aug 2015
 

Abstract

This article examines the prevalence of non-compliance on the age-for-grade policy in the post-free primary education system in Kenya. We utilised data from the 2009 cohort of enrolled primary schoolchildren. The analysis revealed non-compliance to be a persisting concern in the school system, characterised by both under-age and over-age enrolment at the age-for-grade level of analysis in spite of the introduction of free primary education in 2003. Irrespective of the nature of non-compliance, overcrowding in the lower grades is more prevalent, with potential for adverse compromises in quality of learning and the attendant added dimension of the mismatched grade-for-age curricula.

Cet article examine la prévalence du non-respect de la politique âge-niveau dans le système d'éducation primaire gratuite au Kenya. Nous avons utilisé des données tirées du groupe d'enfants inscrits à l'école primaire en 2009. L'analyse a mis en évidence le fait que ce non-respect était une préoccupation persistante dans le système scolaire, caractérisée par une inscription d'enfants trop jeunes ou trop âgés au niveau de l'analyse âge-niveau, malgré l'introduction de l'éducation primaire gratuite en 2003. Indépendamment de la nature de ce non-respect, le nombre excessif d'enfants inscrits dans les premières classes est plus prévalent, et risque d'entraîner des compromis néfastes sur le plan de la qualité de l'apprentissage et de la dimension supplémentaire associée que sont des programmes d'enseignement dont le niveau ne correspond pas à l'âge.

El presente artículo examina el prevaleciente incumplimiento de la política que establece como requisito matricular en cada grado del sistema escolar de Kenia a niños de la edad correspondiente. Con el objetivo de sustentar esta afirmación, las autoras utilizaron datos de la cohorte de niños matriculados en escuelas primarias en 2009. El análisis consecuente reveló que el incumplimiento de dicha política constituye una preocupación en el sistema escolar, detectándose la matriculación de niños de menos y más edad de la correspondiente a cada grado escolar, a pesar de que en 2003 se estableció la gratuidad de la educación primaria. Sea cual sea la naturaleza del incumplimiento, el hacinamiento predomina más en los grados más bajos, debido a lo cual existe la posibilidad de que surjan resultados adversos en la calidad de aprendizaje, a lo que se agrega la dimensión concomitante vinculada a los desiguales planes de estudio según la edad correspondiente al grado.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of the anonymous reviewers whose comments, suggestions, and advice helped bring this work to fruition. We thank you for your time and patience in making our contribution to scholarship a meaningful endeavour.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes on contributors

Edith Mukudi Omwami is Associate Professor of comparative and international studies in education at the University of California, Los Angeles. She teaches courses in comparative and international education, education and national development, and development education. Her research interests are in education finance, access, participation, and achievement. She also focuses on gender, education, and development discourse.

Kimberly Elizabeth Foulds is a Program Coordinator for the Carnegie African Diaspora Fellowship Program at Quinnipiac University. She has previously taught in international and transcultural studies at Teachers College, Columbia University. Her research interests are in the areas of state and development, education policy, women studies, educational inequalities, and theories and practices of development.

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