Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load predict longitudinal change in glycemic and cardio-metabolic biomarkers among old diabetic adults living in a resource-poor country

Abstract

This study aims to investigate longitudinal associations between the dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) and changes in glycemic and cardio-metabolic outcomes. A 28-month retrospective cohort study included 110 Vietnamese diabetic patients, collecting their dietary GI and GL values along with blood biochemical data from baseline 24-h dietary recall and medical records. Latent class growth modelling identified three distinct HbA1c trajectories during the follow-up period, with 51% of patients achieving good glycemic control. The adjusted linear mixed-effect model showed that 1 unit increase in logarithms in dietary GL was associated with a 0.14% increase in the log-HbA1c. Among poorly controlled diabetic patients, baseline GL values were positively correlated with increases in HbA1c; GI showed effects on changes in fasting plasma glucose and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index. No significant association was observed in patients with good glycemic control.

Keywords:

• Glycemic index
• glycemic load
• glycemic control
• cardio-metabolic parameters
• resource-poor country

Acknowledgements

All of the authors would like to thank participants and medical staff at the National Hospital of Endocrinology in Vietnam.

Ethics approval

The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Hospital of Endocrinology, Vietnam (no. 1606/QĐ-BVNTTW).

Authors’ contributions

J.-S.C. and N.Y.H. conceived and designed the research; J.-S.C., N.Y.H., H.T.N., conducted the research; N.Y.H., W.-L.L., P.H.D., P.H.H., and T.N.L. provided materials; N.Y.H., D.K.N.H, C.-H.B. performed the statistical analyses; N.Y.H. and J.-S.C. wrote the manuscript; J.-S.C. had primary responsibility for the final content; and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests.

Additional information

Funding

Jung-Su Chang was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 111-2410-H-038 − 019-MY2 and MOST 111-2320-B-038 − 030-MY3).