Motor skill changes and neurophysiologic adaptation to recovery-oriented virtual rehabilitation of hand function in a person with subacute stroke: a case study

Abstract

Purpose: The complexity of upper extremity (UE) behavior requires recovery of near normal neuromuscular function to minimize residual disability following a stroke. This requirement places a premium on spontaneous recovery and neuroplastic adaptation to rehabilitation by the lesioned hemisphere. Motor skill learning is frequently cited as a requirement for neuroplasticity. Studies examining the links between training, motor learning, neuroplasticity, and improvements in hand motor function are indicated.

Methods: This case study describes a patient with slow recovering hand and finger movement (Total Upper Extremity Fugl–Meyer examination score = 25/66, Wrist and Hand items = 2/24 on poststroke day 37) following a stroke. The patient received an intensive eight-session intervention utilizing simulated activities that focused on the recovery of finger extension, finger individuation, and pinch-grasp force modulation.

Results: Over the eight sessions, the patient demonstrated improvements on untrained transfer tasks, which suggest that motor learning had occurred, as well a dramatic increase in hand function and corresponding expansion of the cortical motor map area representing several key muscles of the paretic hand. Recovery of hand function and motor map expansion continued after discharge through the three-month retention testing.

Conclusion: This case study describes a neuroplasticity based intervention for UE hemiparesis and a model for examining the relationship between training, motor skill acquisition, neuroplasticity, and motor function changes.

Implications for rehabilitation

• Intensive hand and finger rehabilitation activities can be added to an in-patient rehabilitation program for persons with subacute stroke.

• Targeted training of the thumb may have an impact on activity level function in persons with upper extremity hemiparesis.

• Untrained transfer tasks can be utilized to confirm that training tasks have elicited motor learning.

• Changes in cortical motor maps can be used to document changes in brain function which can be used to evaluate changes in motor behavior persons with subacute stroke.

Keywords:

• Stroke
• upper extremity
• virtual reality
• robotics
• rehabilitation
• hand

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the entire staff of the Acute Rehabilitation Unit of Saint Joseph’s Wayne Hospital for their gracious assistance in all aspects throughout this project.

Disclosure statement

The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest.