Situationally influenced tinnitus coping strategies: a mixed methods approach

Abstract

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to identify coping strategies used to manage problematic tinnitus situations. A secondary aim was to determine whether different approaches were related to the level of tinnitus distress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia experienced.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey design was implemented. The study sample was adults interested in undertaking an Internet-based intervention for tinnitus. Self-reported measures assessed the level of tinnitus distress, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. An open-ended question was used to obtain information about how problematic tinnitus situations were dealt with. Responses were investigated using qualitative content analysis to identify problematic situations. Further data analysis comprised of both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Results: There were 240 participants (137 males, 103 females), with an average age of 48.16 years (SD: 22.70). Qualitative content analysis identified eight problematic tinnitus situations. Participants had either habituated to their tinnitus (7.9%), used active (63.3%), or passive (28.8%) coping styles to manage these situations. Those who had habituated to tinnitus or used active coping strategies had lower levels of tinnitus distress, anxiety, and depression.

Conclusions: The main problematic tinnitus situations for this cohort were identified. Both active and passive coping styles were applied to approach these situations. The coping strategies used most frequently and utilised in the widest range of problematic situations were using sound enrichment and diverting attention.

Implications for Rehabilitation

• The main problematic tinnitus situations for this group of participants were identified.

• Overall, a limited range of strategies were used to deal with individual problematic situations. The use of sound enrichment and diverting attention was applied in the widest range of problematic situations.

• The use of both active and passive coping styles was evident to approach these situations. The use of passive strategies in certain situations was associated with higher levels of tinnitus distress, depression, and anxiety over the last week as measured by self-reported questionnaires.

Keywords:

• Tinnitus
• coping strategies
• self-help
• behaviour modification
• problematic situations

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank all participants and organisations that promoted and supported this study. We would also like to thank Linköping University for hosting the web portal and their webmaster, George Vlaescu, for technical assistance provided.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Funding

Anglia Ruskin

Lamar

Linköping Universities

NIHR10.13039/100006662

This paper presents independent research, not from any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Anglia Ruskin, Lamar and Linköping Universities and NIHR supported the undertaking of this study but the views expressed are those of the authors and not of these institutions.