Assessing mobility for persons with lower limb amputation: the Figure-of-Eight Walk Test with the inclusion of two novel conditions

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the internal consistency, convergent and known-groups construct validity of the Figure-of-Eight Walk Test with two novel conditions in persons with lower limb amputation, and to examine differences in walking performance between the three conditions within a group of persons with transtibial amputation and transfemoral amputation/knee disarticulation.

Materials and methods

Fifty adults with unilateral amputation participated, 28 of whom had undergone a transtibial amputation and 22 a transfemoral amputation/knee disarticulation. Three Figure-of-Eight Walk Test conditions were investigated: 1) walking at a self-selected walking speed, 2) walking while carrying a tray with two cups of water, and 3) walking on uneven terrain. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. Convergent construct validity was examined by analysing the relationship between the Figure-of-Eight Walk Test parameters and performance-based parameters (Amputee Mobility Predictor, Ten-Meter Walk Test, Six-Minute Walk Test) and self-report measures (Prosthetic Limb Users Survey of Mobility, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale) using Spearman’s rank-order correlations. Known-groups construct validity was assessed by comparing the Figure-of-Eight Walk Test parameters based on anatomical level of amputation. Friedman’s test and post hoc analysis were used to examine differences between the walking conditions within each group.

Results

Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the Figure-of-Eight Walk Test parameters for all three conditions ranged from 0.89 to 0.99. The Figure-of-Eight Walk Test time and step parameters demonstrated moderate to good correlation (ρ = −0.50 to −0.77) for performance-based mobility measures. The correlations were stronger during Condition 3 in comparison with the original Figure-of-Eight Walk Test. The correlation was fair to good (ρ = −0.41 to −0.57) for the self-report mobility measures. Comparison between groups showed a difference between transtibial and transfemoral amputation/knee disarticulation participants when it comes to the Figure-of-Eight Walk Test time and smoothness parameters in Condition 2 (p < 0.05). Comparison between walking conditions within each group showed significant differences in the Figure-of-Eight Walk Test parameters in the two novel conditions in comparison with the original Figure-of-Eight Walk Test. The Figure-of-Eight Walk Test and the novel conditions demonstrated excellent internal consistency, good convergent construct validity, and evidence of known-groups construct validity. Future studies should further develop and standardise the smoothness scale to better quantify walking performance and assess the responsiveness and reliability (inter-rater and intra-rater) of the Figure-of-Eight Walk Test (time and steps) and the novel conditions, while studies on known-groups validity should include persons with a wider mobility range.

IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION

• Figure-of-Eight Walk Test with the two novel conditions, which include carrying a load and walking on uneven terrain, may help to provide meaningful information about walking ability in daily life.

• The two novel conditions pose different challenges to persons with lower limb amputation when compared to the original Figure-of-Eight Walk Test and underscore the relevance to assess mobility under challenging walking conditions.

• The Figure-of-Eight Walk Test and the two novel conditions demonstrated excellent internal consistency, good convergent construct validity, and evidence of known-groups construct validity.

Keywords:

• Artificial limbs
• prosthetic mobility
• outcome measures
• rehabilitation
• walking
• dual-task

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ivan Gjødvad Schack for his contribution in drawing the figures illustrating the test layout.

Disclosure statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.

Additional information

Funding

This work was supported by the foundation “Stiftelsen Sophies Minde.” ISPO (International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics) Norway provided a grant for parts of the data collection expenses.