Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Turkish version of the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory (CF-PDI/T) for individuals with temporomandibular disorders

Abstract

Purpose

To translate the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory into Turkish (CF-PDI/T) and to examine its reliability and validity.

Materials and methods

Cultural adaptation of CF-PDI/T was conducted according to international standards. The psychometric analyses included reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test/retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC); structural validity was evaluated with exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); and construct validity was investigated by matching (a priori hypotheses) the CF-PDI/T with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders-12 (TSK-TMD-12), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI), and Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-20 (JFLS-20). Correlations ranging from low to high were expected.

Results

CF-PDI/T showed excellent test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.971), excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.985), and low to high correlation with NRS, HIT-6, TSK-TMD, PCS, NDI, FAI, and JFLS-20. Following EFA, three factors ("pain and psychosocial limitation", "jaw functional status", and "frequency comorbidities and disability") were extracted, accounting for 55.028% of the total variation.

Conclusions

The CF-PDI/T is a reliable and valid instrument to assess the symptoms and disability in the Turkish population with temporomandibular disorders. Clinical trial registration number: NCT03837587.

Implications for rehabilitation

• The Spanish version of the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory is a highly reliable and good valid outcome measure to evaluate disability and treatment outcomes for individuals with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs).

• We suggest the Turkish version of the Craniofacial Pain and Disability Inventory (CF-PDI/T) be used in the Turkish population to indicate small changes in the severity of disorder of individuals with TMDs until a normal quality of life is achieved.

• The CF-PDI/T can be used with high reliability and validity by experienced and inexperienced dentists and physiotherapists.

Keywords:

• Cross-cultural adaptation
• reliability
• temporomandibular disorders
• Turkish
• validity

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank individuals for participating in the study. In addition, the authors would like to thank Gazi University Academic Writing Center for their contribution to the language control of the manuscript.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest.