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Articles

Provocation Versus Performativity: Launching la littérature coloniale française in 1909

Pages 47-64 | Published online: 14 Apr 2014
 

Abstract

In 1909, the colonial newspaper La Dépêche coloniale launched an enquiry entitled La Littérature coloniale de la France comparée à celle d'Angleterre. It was through this initiative that the idea of a ‘French colonial literature’ first caught wider public attention and generated polemics in literary circles and beyond. The aim of this article is to study the aesthetic and ideological agendas driving the enquiry and the polarised reactions it produced, from a sociological perspective inspired by Pierre Bourdieu's work. The author argues that La Dépêche coloniale's questionnaire encoded a set of assumptions designed to guide the answers and impose a vision of colonial literature, rather than elicit debate. One of the respondents, Pierre Mille (1864–1941), preferred provocation: in a piece published in a high-circulation daily Le Temps ahead of the results of La Dépêche coloniale's enquiry, he proclaimed Rudyard Kipling to be the model colonial author, only to conclude that French colonial literature was inexistent. The ensuing debate marked a watershed in the conceptualisation and the institutionalisation of French colonial literature, by setting in motion a process that would be brought to completion in the interwar period.

En 1909, le quotidien colonial La Dépêche coloniale lança une enquête sur La Littérature coloniale de la France comparée à celle d'Angleterre. C'est grâce à cette initiative que l'idée d'une « littérature coloniale française » s'imposa pour la première fois à l'attention du grand public, tout en provoquant des débats dans les cercles littéraires et au-delà. Cet article se propose d'étudier les mobiles esthétiques et idéologiques de l'enquête ainsi que les réactions opposées que celle-ci suscita dans une perspective sociologique inspirée par les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu. Nous postulons que le questionnaire de l'enquête, intégrant un faisceau de présupposés implicites, provoquait certains types de réponses et cherchait à imposer une vision de la littérature coloniale, au lieu de susciter le débat. À cette approche, l'un des enquêtés, Pierre Mille (1864–1941) préféra la provocation: il devança l'enquête de La Dépêche coloniale, en publiant dans le quotidien populaire Le Temps un article où il proclamait que Rudyard Kipling était l'écrivain colonial-modèle et en conclut que la littérature coloniale française n'existait pas. Le débat qui s'ensuivit marque un tournant dans la conceptualisation et l'institutionnalisation de la littérature coloniale française, en enclenchant un processus mené à terme durant l'entre-deux-guerres.

Notes

 [1] Marius-Ary Leblond was a joint pen-name used by two Réunion-born cousins Georges Athénas (1877–1953), alias Marius Leblond, and Aimé Merlo (1880–1958), a.k.a. Ary Leblond.

 [2] Marius-Ary Leblond. 1902. “Rudyard Kipling, animalier et colonial.” Mercure de France 53 (152): 289–342. Marius-Ary Leblond. 1903. “Sadia Lévy et Robert Randau, XI journées en force.” La Revue blanche 13 (30): 393–395. Sadia Lévy. 1903. “Le Roman colonial: les frères Leblond. ” La Plume 15: 320–323.

 [3] They further list the author in the Index as ‘C. W. Frappier’.

 [4] In its issue of 12 December 1907 La Dépêche coloniale reported on this fact in the most concise way possible.

 [5] From 1899 Kipling was widely translated and commented upon in France. The earliest translations were mainly published by Mercure de France, initially serialised in the periodical, then as volumes: Le second livre de la jungle (1899); La plus belle histoire du monde (1900); L'homme qui voulut être roi (1900); Bâtisseurs de ponts (1901); Kim (1902). P. Ollendorf published La Lumière qui s'éteint (1900) and La Naulahka (1900).

 [6] Azal, Sylves noires (1900); Raymond Marival, Chairs d'ambre (1901) and Le Çof (1903); Robert Randau, Les Colons (1907) and Les Explorateurs (1909); Marius-Ary Leblond, Le Zézère: Amours de blancs et de noirs (1903); La Sarabande: roman d'une élection aux colonies (1904), Le Secret des robes (1904), Les Romans des races: les sortilèges (1905) and L'Oued (1907).

 [7]Le Temps' print-run is estimated at around 36,000 copies in 1910 (Bellanger Citation1972).

 [8] The no. 23 (January 1902) of La Grande France lists Pierre Mille amongst the journal's collaborators for the period 1900–01 on the verso of the cover page. The only further mention of him in this capacity is on the back-cover page of the very last issue of the journal, 4 (44) (December 1903). Randau does not mention Mille in his account of the La Grande France grouping. Cf. Robert Randau, La Dépêche coloniale, 29 September 1909.

 [9] The secretary of Mercure de France's editorial board, Paul Léautaud, estimated the figure of 3000 readers in 1905 (Leroy and Bertrand-Sabiani Citation1998, 117–156).

[10] The author of the preface to Kailash's 1999 edition of the novel, Xavier Legrand-Ferronnière, claims that it was initially published under the title De l'autre côté du mur in Haiphong in 1890. The Catalogue of the French National Library gives the date of 1897. Under its definitive title L'Annam sanglant, the text was initially serialised in La Nouvelle revue, before appearing as a volume with the Parisian publisher Chalumel in 1898.

[11] Jean Ajalbert is the only respondent who openly interpreted Mille's article as a provocation: ‘Comme Pierre Mille doit s'amuser d'avoir mis dans le mille, de la sorte’ (La Dépêche coloniale, 18 November 1909).

[12] It should be noted that exemplars of colonial literature by authors linked with and set in Indo-China, North Africa and the Indian Ocean predate those set in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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