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Articles

Classic and Modern: Colette Criticism in the Interwar

Pages 369-385 | Published online: 06 Jan 2015
 

Abstract

Colette is not generally included in recent narratives of twentieth-century French neoclassicism. However, her contemporaries of various political and aesthetic persuasions considered Colette to be a classique of the first order. This article explores classification as classique by critics sympathetic to Charles Maurras and the aesthetics of the Action française as well as left-leaning critics associated with André Gide and the group surrounding the Nouvelle Revue française. The article shows that it is Colette's strong association with a particular type of femininity that allows her to be thought of as classique by critics of such different political and aesthetic commitments. The article also examines examples of resistance to Colette's categorisation as classique, and attempts to assert the modernity of her work, coining the term classique moderne as a way of bringing together diverse attempts to explain the harmony between classicism and modernity in Colette's work. The article suggests that Colette's incorporation in the canon of the classique is part of a larger solidifying of the role of femininity in French identity at that moment.

Colette ne fait pas généralement partie des derniers récits du néo-classicisme français du 20ème siècle. Cependant, ses contemporains de diverses tendances politiques et esthétiques ont considéré Colette comme un classique du premier rang. Cet article explore cette classification comme classique par les critiques liés à Charles Maurras et l'esthétique de l'Action française, ainsi que les critiques de gauche associés à André Gide et le groupe autour de la Nouvelle Revue française. L'article démontre que l'association forte entre Colette et un type spécifique de féminité lui permet d'être considérée comme classique par les critiques de ces différents engagements politiques et esthétiques. L'article examine également des exemples de résistance à la catégorisation de Colette comme classique, et tente de faire valoir la modernité de son travail, en proposant le terme ‘classique moderne’ comme un moyen de rassembler les diverses tentatives à expliquer l'harmonie entre le classicisme et la modernité dans l'œuvre de Colette. L'article suggère que l'incorporation de Colette dans le canon du classique fait partie d'une plus grande solidification du rôle de la féminité dans l'identité française à ce moment-là.

Notes

 [1] I will use the French term classique in the article rather than either of its usual English translations: ‘classic’ or ‘classical’.

 [2] For example, see Biolley-Godino's L'Homme-objet chez Colette (Citation1972) and the edited volume Colette: The Woman, the Writer, by Eisinger and McCarty (Citation1981), as well as recent articles by Schehr (Citation2008), Fell (Citation2005) and Gale (Citation2001).

 [3] Biographies by Kristeva (Citation2002) and Thurman (Citation1999), as well as the introductions provided in the Pléiade editions of Colette's works, provide extensive background to her life and works. Southworth (Citation2004) explicitly addresses the reception of Colette's oeuvre by other women writers in The Intersecting Realities and Fictions of Virginia Woolf and Colette.

 [4] Interestingly, Maurice Ravel, with whom Colette collaborated on L'Enfant et les sortilèges (1925), created an opera-ballet based on Longus's text in 1912. Colette was certainly familiar with the ballet—in addition to her relationship with Ravel, she also reviewed it for Le Matin.

 [5] Collomb (Citation1987) treats Colette only vanishingly briefly in the text, mentioning her in a discussion of journalism, and citing a letter from Colette to Proust (198, 158). In his conclusion, Collomb evokes ‘provocations’ as different as Artaud, Montherlant, Daumal, Giraudoux and Colette, but he gives no indication of the nature of Colette's provocation, or of how her writing might fit into the ‘Style Art Déco’ (228).

 [6] Cottrell's Citation1982 essay ‘Colette's Literary Reputation’ also mentions critical praise for Colette's femininity, her depictions of nature and the human body.

 [7] Similarly, Marsan (Citation1928), in a review of La Naissance du jour, compares Colette to classical moralists: ‘elle travaille avec le calme audacieux de nos moralistes classiques’ (3). Or, again, Truc (Citation1929) connects the ‘classique’ both to literary style and to morality: ‘Les thèmes les plus pénibles, les plus scabreux, les moins ragoutants, furent traités par la littérature qui a su prendre au comble du crime ou au sein de l'ignominie une allure auguste: qu'on examine de quoi sont faits Œdipe Roi ou Phèdre. … un âge classique sait ordonner les détails dans un ensemble où, à la fois, ils acquièrent leur prix et perdent la laideur ou la bassesse qu'ils empruntaient des circonstances; l'acte monstrueux reprend dans une trame où un large pan de vie est façonné, une valeur morale’ (32).

 [8] This is explored in much greater detail in Carroll's (Citation1995) French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture and Schultz's (Citation1999) The Gendered Lyric: Subjectivity and Difference in Nineteenth-Century French Poetry.

 [9] Biolley-Godino (Citation1972) explores the feminisation of Chéri in L'Homme-objet chez Colette.

[10] This might be a category from Nietzsche, especially as Martial uses quotation marks to denote it. She makes no mention of Nietzsche in the essay, however.

[11] Lena (Citation1926) uses the word ‘modernisme’, a term that is generally not used to describe French literary experimentation during this period. Though the idea of modernism in the British sense of high modernism is certainly not what Lena intends, it is also clear that this term was more in use in France in the first part of the twentieth century than previously acknowledged.

[12] André Germain (Citation1924) also makes oblique references to the classical and the modern in his review of Chéri: ‘Et par son exemple philosophique nous concevons mieux la solidarité humaine, et comme les existences même les plus opposées, dès qu'elles ont un sens et une sagesse, se complètent, tout ce que le patient bonheur d'une épouse chaste doit aux préparations et aux essais bien menés d'une de ces préceptrices de la jeunesse qu'Athènes comptait en grand nombre et qui manquent à l'équilibre de la vie moderne’ (51).

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